4D.++Changes+in+Social+&+Gender+Roles

= Changes in the social & gender structure: analyze commercial and demographic developments, identify the impact = = of the emancipation of serfs/slaves and examine the emergence of new forms of labor systems and their impacts. =

Outline

I. Commercial and demographic developments a. Social 1. Enlightenment ideas and revolution 2. Industrial Revolution 3. Commercialized societies b. Gender 1. Industrial Revolution 2. European Imperialism II. Emancipation of serfs/slaves a. Slavery b. Abolition movement c. Social impact of slave emancipation d. Gender impact of slave emancipation e. Social impact of serf emancipation f. Gender impact of serf emancipation III. Emergence of new forms of labor systems a. Indebted “slaves” b. Cottage industry c. Factory work d. Colonization e. Government-controlled IV. Conclusion a. Commercial and demographic developments 1. Geography 2. Social 3. Political 4. Religion 5. Economy 6. Technology b. Emancipation of serfs and slaves 1. Social 2. Political 3. Religion 4. Intellectual 5. Economy c. Emergence of new forms 1. Social 2. Political 3. Economy

Commercial and Demographic Developments

Social Enlightenment ideas influenced revolutions around the world
 * Popular sovereignty, equality, liberty, religious tolerance, separation of powers
 * Political power deviated from traditional sources
 * Authority of single church
 * Kings/Queens
 * Aristocratic privilege
 * Middle class and peasants received/wanted more power
 * Desired influence in politics- political efficacy
 * Example- third estate in France
 * Represented 97% of France’s population
 * Example - white men who owned property could vote

Industrial Revolution caused change in wealth and altered social hierarchy
 * Urban wealth determined political power
 * Business men, manufacturers, and bankers gained more political power
 * British aristocracy decline
 * Middle class
 * Consisted of some wealth factor and mine owners, bankers, and merchants
 * Obtained political power (seats in parliament)
 * Majority of middle class
 * Smaller businessmen, doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers, journalists, and scientists
 * White men achieved right to vote
 * Laboring class
 * Majority of population
 * Suffered from harsh living and working conditions
 * Many families moved to cities (sought employment there)
 * Rapid urbanization
 * Overcrowding
 * Led to poor sanitation, limited water supply
 * Low wages
 * Monotonous lifestyle
 * Led to strikes, formation of unions, socialist movements (Europe)

Commercialized societies and products during Industrial Revolution
 * Major Western European societies became highly commercialized in eighteenth century
 * Governed by states
 * Alliance with merchant class
 * Granted special privileges
 * Encouraged innovation and commerce
 * Rewarded with prizes
 * Merchants and inventors possessed relative freedom from state control
 * Capitalistic economy
 * Became greatly industrialized
 * New inventions led to accelerated output of products (like textiles)
 * Spinning jenny, power loom, steam engine, cotton gin
 * Diverged from agrarian economy
 * People moved to the cities, away from rural areas
 * Rapid urbanization
 * United States
 * Capitalistic economy
 * Tax breaks, huge grants of public land to railroad companies
 * Laws permitting easy formation of corporations
 * Little regulation
 * Pioneered techniques of mass production
 * Assembly line
 * Changeable parts
 * Japan, India, and China were commercialized
 * Europe got ahead
 * Latin America becomes commercialized
 * More interaction with industrialized Western Europe and North America
 * raw materials exported to those regions

Gender Change during Industrial Revolution
 * Laboring class
 * Girls and young women worked in mills or as domestic servants
 * Needed to supply additional income for family
 * Left work after marriage
 * Continued to earn money
 * Doing laundry
 * Sewing clothes

Change during European Imperialism in Africa
 * Women’s role diverged from those of men
 * Men concentrated on production of exports (in areas where cash-crop agriculture dominated)
 * Women accounted for total domestic food production
 * Women’s workload increased
 * More men sought employment in cities, on settler farms, or in the mines
 * Women controlled domestic economy alone
 * Provided food for men in cities
 * Compensate for low wages
 * Took over traditional male roles
 * Women’s workload increased

Impact of the Emancipation of Serfs and Slaves

Slavery
 * Enlightened thinkers looked down upon practice of slavery
 * Seen as a violation of natural rights
 * American and French revolutions emphasized liberty and equality
 * Clear violation
 * Many religious groups spoke out against slavery
 * First by the Quakers and then Protestant evangelicals.
 * Considered slavery “repugnant to our religion” and a “crime in the sight of God”
 * People began to think that slavery was not essential to economic prosperity
 * England and New England were very prosperous
 * Based mostly on free labor
 * Felt slavery was out of date.
 * Along with moral and economic objections actions of slaves caused concern
 * Many revolutions
 * Ex: Haitian Revolution which was followed by three major rebellions in the British West Indies.
 * Demonstrated slave’s discontent.
 * Caused rift in the Public opinion
 * Some thought slavery was politically unwise

The Abolitionist Movement
 * Composed of many different strands of thinking
 * Secular, religious, economic and political.
 * Movements were most powerful in Britain.
 * Put pressure on the government.
 * Supported by the middle and working class people
 * There groups got attention in various ways:
 * Created pamphlets that described the harsh conditions of slavery
 * Created petitions to parliament
 * Boycotted slave produced sugar
 * Frequently held public meetings
 * In 1807 Britain forbade sale of slaves as a result of the abolitionist movement
 * In 1834 Britain emancipated all those who remained slaves
 * Many nations followed Britain’s example in the years after
 * Russia feared rebellion, economic inefficiency and moral concerns dealing with the serfs
 * These concerns led the Russian tsar to free the serfs in 1861
 * This did not occur from public pressure. More like an accumulation of many things.

Social Impact of Emancipation of Slaves · Changes in moral thinking · Economic lives of former slaves did not improve dramatically · There wasn’t any redistribution of land o Except in Haiti · Many freedmen sought land of their own · In places such as the United States other forms of labor replaced slavery o Legally free, but highly dependent o End up working for their old masters o Sharecropping emerged § Indebted workers to plantation owners · Slaves were not considered equal in social hierarchy · They were still involved with their old masters · Many slaves were in debt and could not afford land of their own · The abolition of slavery also brought about indentured servants o Workers came from all over o Worked in mines, on sugar plantations and construction projects o Conditions similar to slavery · In the United States slaves were discriminated against o There were harsh segregation laws o Denial of voting rights o A wave of lynching o Deep hatred/ racism · Slaves were granted freedom, but they were not considered equal or treated properly. · Slaves more highly valued within Africa to produce and export crops

Impact of emancipation of slaves on Gender Roles
 * White men were still at the top of the social hierarchy
 * They were the group in power
 * Held political office
 * Worked in any high paying job
 * Black males were still considered the labor class
 * Below white males
 * Were not given the same job opportunities as white males
 * Still primarily farm and field jobs
 * Women were considered the homemakers
 * Left to do all domestic duties

Causes of Emancipation of Serfs · Fear of rebellion · Fear of economic inefficiency · Moral concerns · Had seen that other areas began emancipating slaves · Fear of falling behind the rest of the world · Combination of moral, political, and economic thinking.

Social Impact of Emancipation of Serfs o They had to give up a lot of their land
 * Large transfer of land
 * A large portion of nobles land given to peasants
 * Paid for this land with redemption dues
 * Rapid growth of Russia’s rural population
 * Peasants remained impoverished and politically volatile.
 * Industrial unrest- peasants became radicalized
 * Created more political parties
 * Increase in urbanization, industrialization, and commercial farming
 * Some consider it a precursor to revolution.
 * Nobility began to fall after emancipation.
 * The very wealthy did not like the emancipation of serfs

Impact of Emancipation of serfs on Gender Roles · Males are still the head of everything · Peasant males are able to do more · Higher paying jobs, they can also own land

New Forms of Labor Systems

Indebted “slaves” · Transition between freedom and slavery post-abolition of slavery · Slaves returned to old masters to work o Minimal pay for same duties and treatment o Caused “employees” to remain in-debt and dependent o Social Impact § Major obstacle in gaining total equality for former slaves § Discouraged African Americans in search for freedom § Kept African Americans down socially while still having legal freedom.



Cottage industry · Comparable to “small businesses” today · Products made locally · Rise of artisans, who made majority of products · Social Impact o Capitalized on the local farmers o Towns more isolated due to lack of mass production o Prices moderately higher due to “handcrafted” work o Slower-paced work led to slower paced innovations, expansions, etc. · Gender Impact · More women working for wages, could earn money and have a place in society (somewhat)



Factory work · Ushered in by Industrial Revolution · Allowed for more efficient manufacturing through new innovations · Gender impact o Women kept to domestic duties, while men went to factories o Seen as disgrace for wife to work (man’s responsibility) o Women in poorer families worked out of necessity o Some women worked, but only until marriage · Social impact o Urbanization occurred o Improvement in lifestyle w/cheaper products o Led to the Socialist party and concept of Marxism o Middle class grew in numbers and status o Upper class not as elite; power no longer judged by land o Eventually led to unions and factory regulations o Children seen as liability (post-child labor laws)



Second wave colonization in Europe · Saw opportunity for cheaper labor and more resources · Utilized natives in Africa and Asia to extract raw materials from colonies · Cheap labor in mandatory work projects · Social impact o Created a sense of superiority in Europeans o Suppressed many natives in colonies o Also educated some in attempt to save them and show them “civilized ways” o Led to an identity crisis in colonies o Stunted overall prosperity of areas under European control



Government-controlled labor · In early modern history, primarily in Russia · System in place during tsar · Replaced serfdom · Attempted to compete with Europe in Industrial Revolution · Social Impact o Seen as unfit replacement for serfdom, creating animosity among people o Association with tsar caused people to move to communistic ways (still implemented by leaders however) o Set Russia back globally § Held back the natural progression of innovation occurring in U.S. and Europe



AGMSPRITE Conclusions

Commercial and Demographic Developments
 * Geography
 * Becoming more urbanized
 * Military
 * More commercialization through industrial revolution= better military technology
 * Social
 * Influenced by enlightenment ideas
 * More realized need for equality, liberty, and popular sovereignty
 * Social hierarchy changed due to change in wealth
 * British aristocrats declining
 * Businessmen, manufacturers, and bankers rising in power
 * Middle class getting larger
 * Laboring class poor conditions
 * Political
 * Monarchy power declining
 * More concerned with popular sovereignty
 * Religion
 * More religious tolerance wanted
 * Technology
 * New innovations constantly made
 * Power loom, steam engine, and cotton gin, etc.
 * Economy
 * Production output increased
 * Economy more commercialized

Impact of Emancipation of Slaves/Serfs
 * Social
 * Still a hierarchy, whites on top
 * Serfs
 * Nobility began to fall
 * Male serfs had more opportunities than women
 * Slaves
 * Legally free, but no true independence
 * Still treated unequally
 * Women had more domestic roles compared to male counterpart
 * Political
 * Serfs
 * More political parties formed
 * Religion
 * Slavery considered a crime and religiously immoral
 * Intellect
 * Slaves
 * Still working same fields/ for the same masters
 * Most in debt/ poverty had to work instead
 * Economy
 * Slaves
 * Sharecropping
 * No redistributing of land so couldn’t buy land to make profit off of
 * Serfs
 * Large transfer of land

New Labor Systems
 * Social
 * Former slaves still lacked true freedom and independence
 * More women working for a wage in cottage industry
 * Women had domestic roles in factory industry
 * Political
 * Government controlled
 * Economy
 * More innovation
 * Cheaper products

Works Cited Armstrong, Monty, David Daniel, Abby Kanarek, and Alexandra Freer. // Cracking the AP World History Exam 2011 Edition //. New York: Random House, 2010. Print.Strayer, Robert W. // Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources //. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2011. Print.