4G.+Cultural+and+Artistic+Interaction+In+Africa,+Asia,+and+Europe

=4G. Cultural and Artistic Interaction In Africa, Asia, and Europe=

**__ Table Of Contents __**
 * 1) European Culture and Romanticism
 * 2) Music
 * 3) Literature
 * 4) Asian Culture
 * 5) Chinese
 * 6) Japanese
 * 7) Korea
 * 8) African Culture
 * 9) North Africa
 * 10) West Africa
 * 11) East Africa
 * 12) South Africa

**__ Romantic Era In Europe __** The Romantic Era was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement. It is said that it began in Germany then spread to England and France but most of the ideas were influenced by the French Revolution. It encouraged individualism and experimentation as appose to reason and logic during the Age of Enlightenment. It took place in the second half of the 18th century and It focused on beauty and brought a new emphasis on horror and terror. It was created as a revolt to the Age of Enlightenment. This idea of Romanticism was embodied in visual art, music, and literature. The Romantic Era was influenced by the Industrial Revolution and helped people escape the harsh realities that were present such as overpopulation, prostitution, child labor, and poverty among the working class. Early romantics born before this era were conservative and the younger romantics wanted democracy and radical change.
 * __ Romantic Music __**

The romantic influence on music spanned from 1820 to 1900. Mozart and Beethoven were the most influential even though they are considered to be classical composers. During this period folk music was born. Folk music was considered to be music of the lower class. It was the complete opposite of commercial and classic music of the time. Nationalism was portrayed through folk music. Laborers would make songs while they are working and during their leisure time.



**__﻿ __** **__ 6 Characteristics of Romantic Art & Literature __** **__﻿ __** **__ Love of Nature __** Romantics began to show the importance of nature in their art and literature. One of the main characteristics is the beauty of nature found in the country life. This is because of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution took away the pure, clean, and spacious scenes of the country and replaced it with overpopulation and pollution. Nature was also it important during this period because it was said to help the //urban// man find his //true// identity.



__Emotions Vs. Rationality__
Romanticism placed human emotions, feelings, instinct, and intuition above everything else. Previously during the Age of Enlightenment, writers and poets followed the rules and regulations. During the Romantic Era, writers and poets trusted their emotions and feelings to create their work.

**__Artist, the Creator__**
Artists and poets gained much more respect during the Romantic Era. People during the Age of Enlightenment felt that poets were just imitating the external world. Now they were seen as individuals who created art to reflect their feelings and emotions. Up until this point first person poems were not accepted.

__Nationalism__
Romantic poets and writers borrowed elements from folklore and popular art. Before literature and art was for high class educated people. Now poetry began to embody the lower class. Poems and stories used simple language that people used everyday.

__Exoticism__
Romantics began to develop a love for the exotic. Much of the literature and art work depicted far and mysterious locations. Even though nationalism and exoticism are the complete opposites, they never clashed.

__Supernatural__
Romantic writers began to believe in the supernatural and began to add it to their writing. This led to the development of Gothic Romance. It is most notable in Coleridge's "Kubla Khan". ==

Overall the influence of the art and music changed during this era. Common people now had some influence on art and music whereas before they were irrelevant. Art began to go more in depth than people could imagine. New elements of art such as supernatural and exoticism emerged from the Romantic Era. Writers and artists were now seen as prominent individuals instead of imitators.
 * __Summary__**==

**__ Asian Culture __**

**__ Chinese Culture __** China has, for most of its history, had rich and unique culture. Shanghai has become a magnet for those interested in the arts. At this period in time artists used mediums such as wood for wood carvings, silk for textiles, and clay for elaborate ceramics. Now that Europe had overthrown China as the elite world power, the Chinese began to be more influenced by the Europeans instead of vice versa. Hong Kong became British ruled; therefore British culture was infused with the Chinese culture. There were European ports all over China, influencing Chinese art. However, China is a proud nation and maintained their distinct culture and traditional art techniques. Another influence on art was opium. Opium became very popular in China but, it also became very detrimental to society. Eventually, the Chinese saw the ill effects and began the Opium Wars in order to rid opium from China. The Chinese are proud people and continued to develop their culture during this time period. **__ Japanese Culture __** During this time period, Japan developed a political system based on Shoguns. With this new era, the Japanese people had a goal of modernizing and engaging in the world. Much like the Chinese, the Japanese are proud of their cultural identity but, they were still influenced by European ways. Their culture was allowed to develop and spread because they took part in global trade because they became an industrialized society. They became more technologically advanced but, they generally maintained their cultural identity. The Japanese weather had a large influence on the art they created. Japan began making fine arts schools for those who desired to master their art techniques. Also, theaters such as the Kabuki Theater began to gain popularity throughout the country. Lastly, Japan also enhanced their literary culture with novels like “Floating Cloud”. Japan became highly developed and this is clearly seen as their artwork enhanced and advanced during this time period. **__ Korean Culture __** Korea is known as the “Hermit Country” at this time because of their isolationist antics. They sought to maintain their ways and leave their culture untouched by outside influence. However, their culture did continue to develop even though they had little outside influence. Paintings, calligraphy, and figurines became very popular art techniques. The most popular and famous art of this time was paintings of landscapes and beautiful pink and purple orchids. Eastern learning was heavily encouraged and in some ways enforced by the Korean people. This was in efforts to maintain their culture and educate the youth in the ways of their ancestors. Korean’s also prided themselves in their poetry. During this time period, the “Anthology of Korean Poetry” was developed. Towards the end of this time period, their culture was influenced by rebellions by peasants in efforts to overthrow their corrupted government. **__ Summary __** For the most part, Asian culture was influenced by the economically dominating Europeans. Also, the Asian people have had rich and traditional culture for centuries and made it a priority to uphold their culture as much as possible. Asian art remained unique and beautiful and the arts remained a priority in the everyday life of the Asian people.
 * [[image:http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/images/h2/h2_2000.345.1,2.jpg]] || [[image:http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/images/h2/h2_79.2.536.jpg width="360" height="275" link="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/79.2.536"]] || [[image:http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/images/h2/h2_02.18.730.jpg width="360" height="275" link="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/02.18.730"]] ||
 * Chinese Caligraphy || Chinese Ceramics || Zodiac Figurines ||
 * [[image:http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/images/h2/h2_JP2492.jpg width="360" link="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/JP2492"]] || [[image:http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/images/h2/h2_57.156.7.jpg width="360" link="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/57.156.7"]] || [[image:http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/images/h2/h2_2002.447.101.jpg width="360" height="275" link="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/2002.447.101"]] ||
 * Snow Drawing || Modern Art For its Time (Scroll) || Japanese Plate ||

__**Africa﻿ **__ **__﻿ North Africa__** North Africa was controlled by France in the late 1700's. In 1801 England took control of Egypt from France and became a dominent power in North Africa. Many of egypt's cultural relics such as the Rosseta Stone were then taken to England. However despite England's new grasp on Egypt, France still had many lingering cultural effects on Egypt's Art and Architecture. The school of Arts and Design was established by the British in 1835 in Egypt. This establishment helped shape a new cultural and artistic foundation for colonized Egypt. Another school called Société des Beaux-Arts was sestablished by the French in Algeria in 1851. Under France's control of Algeria traditional cultural practices were suppressed and replaced with new westernized and Christianized ones. European control had significant impact on the North African region. Islam also played a significant role as well. Egypt and Algeria both were very islamisized by Arab traders from the East. This can be seen clearly in their elaborite designs of mosques and religious images.
 * __﻿ __**


 * [[image:NA_Art_1.jpg width="395" height="234"]] || [[image:NA_Art_2.jpg width="338" height="236"]] || [[image:NA_Art_3.jpg width="404" height="241"]] ||
 * A Mosque in Egypt || Algerian Jewelry || North African Palace ||


 * __West Africa__**
 * __﻿__**Senegambia became an imperial state of France in 1855, but the first Catholic mission was established in 1849. Senegambia becomes France's most important colony and all residents gain French citizenship. France conects the country to the European dominated coast with a railroad. This easy transportation, allowed europeans to penetrate deaper into West Africa allowing them to spread their culture, and established western schools. All of these factor led to the diminishing of native African culture and art styles.


 * || [[image:WA_Art_7.jpg width="491" height="348"]] || [[image:WA_Art_10.jpg width="324" height="346"]] ||
 * || Metal Elaphent || Vertical mask ||

Inner African factors to change in culture existed as well. Cheikhou Amadou takes control of Jenne and puts into practice a more traditional form of Islam. even going so far as to abandone the largest mosque in the city for being too showy and redesigning a more humble central mosque without the newly designed minnerets. Guinea begins to have a lrage cultural influence over West Africa through immigration. New styles of masks and scultures begin to appear. Guinea women begin to be depicted more often. A new vertical style mask takes popularity. More intigartion of animal aspects are incorporated into human based masks. A new cultural celebration called gelede masquerade, consists of elderly women wearing human based masks with animals incorporated in the design.
 * __﻿__**
 * __East Africa__**
 * __﻿__**East Africa had many European Imperial powers dominating it. England, Germany, and Italy controled the main land, while France controled Madagascar. Europeans penetrated deep inland in an attempt to westernize it. Inland East Africa had already been for some time in trade with many of the Arabian traders in the Indian Ocean. This had left them with some Islamic cultural mixtures into their native beliefs. However once they were defeated by the invading armies, they took up christianity as being the more powerful reliogn and looked at there fromer gods as demons. However the East African Nation of Eithiopia remained free. They were also a very powerful force and defeated invading italian army. They painted many images of Italy's defeat on their christian church walls as is their custom. Eithiopia was not invaded but the cultural impacts still came. Eiithiopia became a christianized nation and even industrialized in some parts.
 * __﻿__**
 * [[image:EA_Art_2.jpg width="324" height="332"]] || [[image:http://www.anglo-ethiopian.org/publications/articles/2007winter/pictures/adwapaintinglarge.jpg width="556" height="330"]] || [[image:EA_Art_3.jpg width="324" height="328"]] ||
 * Wood Seat for the wealthy and powerful || Battle of Adwa where Ethiopia defeated the Italian army. This is painted on a Catholic Church wall || African warrior's shield ||

South Africa was controlled by England and had the most population of Europeans of any African Region. South Africa was plagued by the extreme segrigation betweent the races, which rased the intense feuds between natives and Europeans. British were flowing into Africa because of a need to out populate the Dutch, high unemployment in England, as well as the discovery of gold and diamonds. This great leap in population put great stress on relations between Europeans and Natives. Feeling threatened by the growing numbers local empires like the Zulus began to militarize and centralize. This centralization eventually allowed more European style cultures to spread indirectly through trade with native Africans to the north of them. Just south of Zulu were the southern Zulu people who spoke the same language but were not politically affiliated with the empire. These people began to reverse culture on their northern counterparts. They began to use glass bead jewelry for everyday people. While in Zulu glass beads were reserved for the extreme royalty. In the Nation of Merian new leadership takes hold and the country creates a judicial system, and soon outlaws alcohol, tobacco, and hemp. Later on when Ramada takes command the country establishes British missionary schools and creates a new Latin based language.
 * __South Africa__**


 * [[image:SA_Art_2.jpg width="479" height="359"]] || [[image:SA_Art_1.jpg width="467" height="355"]] || [[image:SA_Art_8.jpg width="153" height="354"]] ||