4E.+Rise+of+Western+Dominance

=The Rise of Western Dominance=

Table of Contents: 1. Political Changes 2. Comparison of the Chinese and Indian Oppression 3. Effects of Military Dominance 4. Economic Effects of European Dominance 5. Analyzing Colonial Regions Responses to European Dominance

=Political Changes=

China
=India=
 * ===﻿The Opium Wars===
 * Resulted in **Treaty of Nanjing,** which
 * ===Failing Chinese Government===
 * The White Lotus Rebellion
 * Led by Buddhists frustrated with taxes and government corruption and continued into the:
 * Taiping Rebellion
 * led by a religious zealot claiming to be the brother of Jesus.
 * He raised an army of nearly a million and almost brought the current Manchu government down.
 * After suppressing the rebellion, the Manchu government attmepted to seem strong again with the Self-Strengthening Movement, which did nothing.
 * Sino-Frech War (1883)
 * Chinese lost control of Vietnam to the French
 * Sino-Japanese War
 * Resulted in **Treaty of Shimonoseki,** which forced China to hand over Taiwan to Japan and grant them trading rights similar to what Europeans had.
 * Boxer Rebellion
 * Led by Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists aka, the Boxers
 * Goal was to drive out all Europeans and Japanese out of China
 * Adopted guerrilla warfare techniques but failed
 * This led to China being forced to sign the Boxer Protocol, which demanded China not only pay the Europeans and the Japanese the costs associated with the rebellion but also to formally apologize for it.
 * In the Seven Years' War Britain and France fought over North America and India (Britain won both).
 * British East India Company conquered India
 * Pushed the French out of the subcontinent
 * Set up a monopoly
 * Britain finally had access to the luxuries of India such as tea, sugar, silk, salt, and jute (strong fiber used for rope)
 * The Company used the Sepoy, natives who they used to act as administrators and soldiers
 * When the Sepoy learned their bullets were greased with pig and pork fat (against their religion) they rebelled in the Sepoy Rebellion
 * Lasted for two years but failed
 * The British parliament then took over India from the British East India Company, making it a crown colony.
 * After this, India became a model for colonialism
 * Railroads were built
 * Upper castes were taught the English language and customs
 * Christianity spread
 * **Indian National Congress** was founded but it was not until after World War II they got independence.

Comparisons of China and India Oppression
=﻿North Africa= **﻿Egypt**
 * India was a true colony, Britain controlled the government. In China, Britain operated spheres of influence and had no direct control or connection.
 * This meant that in India, rebellions were directed towards the British aka the government. In China, rebellions targeted the Manchu.
 * Between 1807 and 1820 the slave trade was abolished, yet slaves were not emancipated until mid-19th century
 * This meant slaves could not be shipped overseas. Instead, Europeans simply enslaved the Africans in their homeland.

**Nigeria**

South Africa
=Continuities=
 * Hunt for gold and diamonds
 * Africans given no wealth or control but forced to work in mines
 * All conquered peoples lost their culture, whether they were simply exiled (as in the Belgium Congo) or assimilated (as in India).

=**Effects of Military Dominance**=

· ** West Africa ** - Easily defeated by Europeans’ superior weapons and military technology a. Machine guns b. Repeating rifles c. Steam driven technology - Some African tribes enlisted to help Europeans fight other tribes · ** South Africa ** - South African people did not have their own military - Succumb to European dominance · ** East Africa ** - Dominated by British - Harsh Military enforcement - Superior European technology advantage over primitive African · ** India ** - Directly Controlled by British - British East India Company organized take over - Crushed rebellions with superior technology a. Caused more strict rule by British Government · ** Australia/New Zealand ** - Much like Colonization of North America a. massive European settlement and diseases killing off most of the native population - Maintained heavy European Control General Summary: · One of the main reasons why the Imperial Europeans were so dominant over the other countries was because of their military rule, weapons, and strategies. They had superior weapons, such as machine guns, superior technology, such as steam power, and an ego with a “we are better than you and we know it” kind of attitude, which not only gave them motivation, but to them, justified their actions.

= Economic Effects From European Dominance =

· ** West Africa ** - Cash crop farming- peanuts, palm oil, rubber vines, and coco. - Mother countries used raw resources cheap from colonies to produce goods · ** South Africa ** - Took advantage of cheap African labor for the diamonds and gold in the area - Increased European wealth dramatically because cheap labor could be used getting the diamonds and gold out. · ** East Africa ** - Uhammad Ali farmed cotton, sold British textile factories. - Blacksmith and other primitive jobs are gone. - Caused African's to live in poverty. - British used cheap labor in colonies for maximum wealth of mother country. · ** India ** - British monopoly on trade a. Especially spices - Led to India’s poverty · ** Australia/New Zealand ** - Mangrove Forests/swamp lands were destroyed - Made way for European plantations - Produced 55% of world's tin General Summary: · Europeans were mainly driven by their hunger for more wealth. Every one of these foreign countries had their own raw resources that the Europeans could use to their advantage, and they knew it. The Europeans would go in, allow the natives to either accept their domination or be killed off, and then what natives were left were put into cheap labor which only benefitted the European motherlands. Not only did this system provide extreme wealth to the Europeans, but ultimately killed the economies of the countries that were taken over, which for the most part, led to poverty, which can still be seen today.


 * Analyzing Colonial Regions Responses to European Dominance**
 * - **India**
 * - Colonized by the British
 * - Controlled by the British East India Company
 * - Took advantage of fragmented Mughal Empire
 * - Made for an easy takeover
 * - British Troops did not conquer India, It was the BEIC’s troops
 * - The Sepoys
 * - Sepoys were Indians, who served as troops for the BEIC
 * - They were worried about continuous encroachment of the entire subcontinent by the BEIC
 * - The BEIC did not respect local customs
 * - Once the Sepoys discovered that their bullet cartridges were greased with cow fat, a revolution broke out
 * - This revolution lasted 2 years
 * - In the end it was unsuccessful: Britain still controlled India
 * - However, the BEIC was stripped of its control
 * - The 1885 Indian National Congress
 * - Forged to give a path towards independence
 * - Successful some 50 years later
 * - **China**
 * - China’s colonization was different from other European colonies
 * - Fought mainly for trading purposes
 * - Not for creating colonies
 * - Europe introduced opium to the Chinese
 * - It spread very rapidly, until it was a part of everyday life
 * - The Chinese gov’t attempted to ban it
 * - Caused the first opium war
 * - Humiliating defeat for the Chinese
 * - Allowed Britian to further spread opium
 * - By the 19th century, China wanted Europe out
 * - Sparked the Boxer rebellion, which also failed

- **Africa**
 * - Originally, Africa was of very little interest to the Europeans
 * - However, post-industrial revolution, Africa was a center for commerce
 * - The Slave Trade
 * - Enlightenment ideals favored the end of slavery
 * - By 1820, many European nations had banned slavery
 * - That did not end the European influence on Africa
 * - Africa was still exploited for its labors
 * - Natural resources such as gold and diamonds provided further motive for them
 * - South Africa along with much of the continent fell under British reign
 * - Eventually the African National Congress was formed
 * - Just like the Indian National Congress, it sought independence from Europe

Western Dominance and the effect on Cultural and Art - In Europe The Industrial Revolution had a large impact on Western European art. As overpopulation, prostitution, child labor, poverty and other social problems increased, they opened a new gate way for expression. Many artists used these problems as focal points of their art while others tried to restore beauty and integrity to everyday objects. Aesthetic was used to describe the art of this time as was said to promote emotion, nature and the sublime over rationalism and classicism. During this period of time the impressionist, post-impressionist and art nouveau periods arose.  - In Africa France, England and Portugal colonized in Africa creating urban centers such as Jenne and Timbuktu. Senegal was France’s most productive colony and was important for mercantile centers along the coast. As people would move to the colonies they would bring with them their European ideas, furniture and materials. This influenced local culture. In several places Christianity was forced as a religion and can been seen in their art. Also by the British banning international slave trade in central Europe, the trade shifted east causing a greater demand in wax, ivory and rubber. Ivory was a major material used in African and European art. In 1832 European easel painting was brought to northern Africa and the first African art society was founded by the French.    In South America- When the Spanish territories gained their independence from the mainland, the Catholic Church also lost power. As the power of the church was lost, its support of the visual arts also diminished. These years of independence were filled of war and cultural decline. Native artist started to delineate their own people and land in both popular and fine art. They adopted European models but added their own twist. The upper class Latin Americans looked to the Europeans for cultural values. Many went to study abroad in a way of academic painting. As they returned and cities started to expand, French and Italian style buildings started to show up in cities such as Buenos Aries, Lima and Rio de Janerio.      In Southeast Asia- Under European power many ancient monuments and texts were closely studied, preserved and restored. Angkor Wat and the Cham monument were two of the sites that were recovered by the Europeans. This is really the first time photography was used in this region (mid-ninth century). Photography was used to document these monuments and the European governments started opening museums and establishing archaeological surveys. This generated respect and pride in Southeast Asian culture. With this new pride, many local artists became inspired to become modern, non-western artist. Elite cultures were still heavily influenced by the Europeans. For example in Burma, European pictorial conventions dominated frescos in the Kyauk-Taw-Gyi Temple and the Altumashi Monastery in Mandalay had European architectural structures and motifs. Many artists traveled to Europe to study art and brought back the technique of oil painting.    

- **Summary** One can see by looking at the response of different regions to European colonization, that European influence was not accepted by, but rather forced upon the regions people. In many regions revolutions broke out to try and liberate themselves. Most failed, and those that attempted, were even further punished. European Imperialism seemed synonymous with exploitation. Almost formulaic, the Europeans would colonize a region, strip it of its resources, and inject its own influence, much of which can still be seen today.

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