2G.++Demographic+&+Environmental+Changes

**Demographic and Environmental Changes** ||  || **B. Identify the consequences of the pandemics of the fourteenth century.** **C. Trace the growth of cities and the role they played in the expansion of commercial and administrative centers.** ||  ||
 * **Group 5**
 * **A. Describe the Impact of Migrations on Afro-Eurasia and the Americas, such as Aztecs, Mongols, and Arabs.**


 * **A. Describe the Impact of Migrations on Afro-Eurasia and the Americas, such as Aztecs, Mongols, and Arabs.**

__**Afro-Eurasia**__ - Migrations brought in the “Revolution of Domestication” - Farming was combined with animals to sustain greater population -Raising of livestock increased; learned to use milk, blood, wool, hides, and meat of animals - Animals used as new transportation possibilities - New technologies; horse harnesses, saddles, iron stirrups, compound bow, armor, swords <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">All adapted what became known as mounted warfare

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Religions derived and traveled through different groups <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Courier New; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Islam from Arabs <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Arabs also brought in the idea of camel transportation <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Brought the idea of astronomy and acupuncture <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Connected countries more directly than ever before <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Networks of exchange and communication were spread by the Mongols <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Ended up influencing Chinese innovations for things like gunpowder, printing, painting, etc. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mongols never spread faith, or imposed religions <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This drew in missionaries, and traders <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">They brought new resources for warfare, and encouraged territorial expansions <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Gained knowledge needed for water warfare and innovations to help land warfare <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In China they encouraged taxes and administrative powers <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Their rule spread the plague and peasant rebellions for years to come <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Also led to a renewal of Confucian Values and practices

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Aztecs gave way to new political expressions <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Bureaucratic empires in South America <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Stimulated the development of markets and production of craft goods; greater emphasis on things like textiles, shells, beads, feathers
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__Americas__ **

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Waterways stimulated for cargo use <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Canoes invented <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Greater concept of defined but equal gender roles <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Conquered peoples gave way to job specialization <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Introduced human sacrifice as a means to avenge warfare <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">-Philosophical and poetic traditions ||  ||   ||


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**B. Identify the consequences of the pandemics of the fourteenth century.**

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">One of the only major pandemics of the fourteenth century was the PLAUGE. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Various forms of this plague occasionally kept reoccurring throughout Europe in the fourteenth century as well.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1. The Plague/Bubonic Plague/The Black Death/Pestilence <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Pneumonic Plague <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">3. Septicemic Plague <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">4. Enteric Plague

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**Differences**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-The difference between the Bubonic Plague and the Pneumonic Plague, Septicemic Plague, and the Enteric Plague, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">is that no large bumps were present on the victim’s body.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**The Pneumonic Plague**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Suffered serve chest pains <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Sweat heavily <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Coughed up blood

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**The Septicemic Plague**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Occurred when contagion poisoned the victim’s blood stream <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Caused victim do die fast <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Even before symptoms could develop

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**The Enteric Plague**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Attacked the digestive system <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Killed victim too fast for any diagnosis

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**THE NUMBER ONE KILLER… THE BLACK DEATH (commonly referred to as the original PLAUGE)**__

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**Spread of the Plague:**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Broke out in Northeastern China in 1331 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Reached Western Europe by 1347 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Spread by infected fleas on rats <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Mongols also spread the Plague by throwing infected bodies into their enemy’s cities

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**Symptoms of the Plague**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Headache <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Chills and fever <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Nausea and vomiting <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Back pain <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Soreness in arms and legs <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Within two days swelling: lumps on neck, under arms, inner thighs- turned black (Black Death) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Once the bumps appeared people bled internally and then died within as fast as a week sometimes

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**Treatment of the Plague (which never really worked, just eased the pain):**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Bloodletting (actually just cased most people to die faster) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- A variety of herbs and flowers: rose, lavender, sage, mint, and wormwood. Not necessary effective, but the smell was said to <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">calm some people (as well as help with the smell of “death”) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Vinegar was used as a cleaning agent and thought to kill the Plague

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**There was a massive death toll…**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- 1/3 to 2/3 of European population died <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Periodic returns of the plague for centuries (see above)

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**The Plague brought about many changes: Social and Economical**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Jews blamed for the plague; many fled to Poland <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Longer term changes in European society <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Conflict broke out between the working class and the elite <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Undermined the practice of serfdom <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Encouraged technological innovation <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- More employment opportunities for women opened up

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**The plague was the major reason for the break down of the Mongol Empire in the 14th – 15th centuries…**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- With like all the population gone, trade was down <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- 1350 the Mongol Empire was in a frenzy <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Mongols lost control of China, Persia, and Russia within a century <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Central Asian trade route was practically non-existent

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Since land routes weren’t practical because people feared coming in contact with the plague, the Europeans sought trade routes by the sea.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The poorer class stole and looted from the wealthier class in all the confusion during the Black Death.// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**In summary** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, the Plague played a great role in how Europe developed. The population drastically shrank, but great inventions and innovations came out of the Plague as well. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">The Plague also brought the great Mongol Empire to ruins, creating a path for new Empires and rules and regulations. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">The plague was a terrible occurrence, but also had very many positive aspects as well. ||  ||   ||

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Cities on the Silk Roads __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Cities in Central Asia strengthened trade the Silk Roads by acting as places where goods can be exchanged and passed on, since trade on the Silk Roads was more like a “relay trade”. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> -In Louyang, the Silk Road’s origin can be seen in China. This was one of the cities that allowed China to contribute goods such as silk, bamboo, mirrors, gunpowder, paper, rhubarb, ginger, lacquer ware, and chrysanthemums. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> -Cities such as Dunhuang, Turpan, Khotan, and Kashgar aided commercial expansion of the Silk Roads by helping merchants around harsh conditions such as the Taklamakan Desert. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Cities on the Sea Road __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">As trade on the Indian Ocean became more prominent, the growth of cities along the ocean coast also increased. These cities acted as centers where trading of goods and cultures can take place. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> -Arabica and Persia: Barsa, Siraf and Hormuz <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> -India: Cambay, Surat, Calicut, Quilon, and Masulipatam <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> -China: Quanzhou, and Guangzhou <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> -Southeast Asia: Malacca and Patembang <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> **Patembang** was the capital of Srivijaya and it didn’t only support commercial expansion of the Silk Road. Goods such as gold and spices allowed the funding of a bureaucracy, military, and navy. This example of how cities supported the expansion of administrative centers. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> -Africa: **Lamu, Mombasa, Kilwa, Malindi, Mogadishu**, and numerous others <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> These cities flourished along the East African coast as trade on the Indian Ocean Sea Roads were strong. Here, Chinese, Indian, and Persian goods can be exchanged for African goods such as ivory, gold, iron, slaves, shells, quartz and skins. They also show they helped expansion of administrative centers, because these Swahili Coast cities were politically independent and usually led by their own king. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Cities on the Sand Roads __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The rise of cities supported the Trans-African trade between 1100 and 1400 C.E.  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> -Cities like **Jenne, Timbuktu, Gao** and **Kano** were places that supported the trade of goods and were also cities where goods such as beads, iron tools, and cotton textiles were manufactured. These are examples of how cities supported the expansion of commerce and administrative centers. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Effects of the Crusade __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">In **Jerusalem**, the fight between Christians and Muslims were known as the Crusades. One long term effect of the war was that it allowed for contact between Europe and China. Europeans developed a liking for Asian goods such as silk and spices that it opened trade between the two countries. This shows how Jerusalem played a role in the expansion of commerce between Europe and China.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**C. Trace the growth of cities and the role they played in the expansion of commercial and administrative centers.**

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The growth of major cities, such as Mecca and Constantinople, played a huge role in the development of societies around them. **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Religion, politics, and trade resulted from growing cities in various countries. **

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**Constantinople**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Authority remained centralized in Constantinople <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Its centralized power lead to the development of the imperial court and an administration consisting of Aristocrats <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- The city grew and focused on collecting taxes and maintaining order <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Constantinople became a center of religion and included Christian churches, relics, and art <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- In 1453 it fell to the Ottoman Empire

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**Mecca and Medina**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- At first Mecca was a center of religions. It included Judaism, Christianity, and Kaaba <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Mecca was home to many tribes, clans, and individuals <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- The growth of this city began with the development of Islam <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Eventually, some of Mecca’s elite families disapproved of Muhammad’s teaching so he emigrated to Medina <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- After Military actions, Muslims extended their reach throughout Arabia <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Muhammad made treaties with Arab tribes after his military success against Mecca <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- He then returned to Mecca, which became a huge center for Muslims <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- The Muslims then built as empire from Mecca leading to technology, education and military success <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- The growth of Mecca and Medina contributed to the Muslims success as an Empire



<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**Mongolia**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Mongolia started out as many tribes, but a tribe lead by Temujin conquered rivals and rose to power <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- After his rise to power, Temujin took military action against a divided China and began conquering other countries until the Mongol empire stretched from Europe to the Pacific ocean <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Although the task was difficult and violent, the Mongols started ruling other countries and created an interconnected trade route among their empire <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- What started out as small cities of tribes turned into united countries under the Mongols

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Major cities contribute to the growth of other nations, as well as religion (Mecca), Politics (Constantinople), and trade (Mongolia). <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The development of the world depends on the sharing of ideas from city to city and that is what happened throughout Europe, the Middle East, Russian, and China. ||  ||   ||