4C.+Demographic+&+Environmental+Changes

__Atlantic Slave Trade__

**Overview**: The Atlantic slave trade took place between the 16th and 19th century. It involved the selling of Africans by other Africans to the Europeans. The Africans that were slave traders were able to profit off of the misfortune of the other Africans that they put into the slave trade. These Europeans would then send the Africans to North and South America where they would work for no pay, effectively becoming slaves. The Atlantic slave trade was a very corrupt operation. It saw Africans turn on their own people and sell them for a profit and into a life of slavery. This slavery lasted for centuries, which meant that generations of families were affected by this new found trade. Somewhere between 9.4 and 12 million Africans were brought to the New World in this trade.

**Beginnings**: Because of the colonization of some parts of Africa, especially West Africa, Europeans were able to interact with Africans in a way they had never before. They lived among them and controlled them for the first time in history. This quickly led to the enslavement of many Africans as the Europeans had the power to do so. Slaves were brought to Europe, Asia, and other parts of Africa. When more reliable ships were created by the Europeans, the idea for slavery in North and South America, as well as other, far away, parts of the world, was created. Ships could transverse the Atlantic more easily and could hold many more passengers. Africans were in high demand for their toleration for hard work. This service was attractive to everyone in the world, especially the Europeans. They wanted cheap labor to help build their colonies in the Americas. The slave trade began because of the high demand of African slave labor.
 * [[image:http://ebonywoman.info/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/black-men-on-slave-boat.jpg width="299" height="294" align="center" caption="A depiction of Africans being forced onto a slave ship"]] ||
 * A depiction of Africans being forced onto a slave ship ||

**The Players**: Most of the large powers of Europe were interested in this slave trade. They shipped slaves to their colonies in the New World and kept some for their homelands. The most interested was Portugal. They had many colonies in South America and wanted the African slaves to work in the tropical conditions that their colonies were situated in. The British were next. They wanted the slaves to work in the unfamiliar territory they possessed in what is now the United States. The French and Spanish fill out the rest of the big players of the Atlantic slave trade. The French had territories, for the most part, in what is now Canada. The Spanish had territories, for the most part, in what is now Latin America and South America. Other countries participated in the trade, but not as heavily as these four nations.

**Triangular Trade**: The Triangular trade involved Africa, Europe, and the New World. The first leg of the triangle was the export of goods from Europe to Africa. The African kings would receive goods from Europe for every slave they provided, creating the next part of the triangle: The exportation of African slaves to the Americas and the Caribbean islands. After this, the slaves did work that resulted in goods being produced. The third side of the triangle was the goods from America coming back to Europe. This triangular trade existed for the entire time the Atlantic slave trade was going on. It made the Europeans extremely rich and the Africans downtrodden and poor.
 * [[image:http://mrvarghese.wcsd.wikispaces.net/file/view/Triangle_trade.png/181190007/Triangle_trade.png width="326" height="240" align="center" caption="A diagram of the Atlantic Slave Trade"]] ||
 * A diagram of the Atlantic Slave Trade ||

**The Work**: Africans were forced to work long hours with no pay, in poor conditions. For the most part, they worked on plantations, especially in the United States. Some of the goods that they helped cultivate that resulted in money for the Europeans and their colonies were cotton, coffee, cocoa, gold, silver, tobacco, rice, and timber. Their work proved viable in the less harsh conditions of the New World. They were picked for the work because of their immunity to most European diseases. The natives of these new lands were being killed off by the Europeans diseases and did not provide much work, as they were dying. The Africans were preferred over indentured servants because indentured servants were only slaves for a short period of time. The slaves from Africa were people that their owners could rule over for the rest of their lives. The hard work that the Africans endured lasted centuries. There was no way out and they started to adapt to their conditions as slaves. Slavery did not last forever.
 * [[image:http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/mskinner/2008-09%20webinfo/ACS11/Slavery/picking%20cotton.jpg width="427" height="284" align="center" caption="This is a picture of slaves picking cotton"]] ||
 * This is a picture of slaves picking cotton ||

**The End of the Atlantic Slave Trade**: The Atlantic slave trade was impossible to keep up forever. People have morals and they came out to stop the unjust practices that were going on. The first place in the world to abolish the international slave trade was Virginia, in 1788. The first country to abolish the international slave trade was Denmark, in 1803, with Britain following, in 1807. The United States abolished the trade in 1808. Although the abolishing of slavery inside the countries was many years away for some, the destruction of the trade was enough to get rid of the Atlantic slave trade. With the United States no longer taking in slaves, there was almost no point in shipping slaves off to that part of the world. The trade of the Europeans had to turn to other products and slaves were not given a role in it. The slave trade withered away as the number of countries that accepted new slaves became less numerous. This effectively killed the trade.

**Conclusion**: The African slave trade was around for centuries and affected millions of people. It ruined the independence that many Africans had tried to keep for so long. Generations of Africans were displaced because of the trade. The slave trade was an economic ploy for the Europeans to gain wealth, but the consequences that the Africans felt was much more important.

__Birthrate __

 Pre-Industrial Revolution: Before the industrial revolution took place; people did not live in big cities. At the start of the revolution the population of the world was about 700 million, and by the year 1800(still very early in the industrial revolution) the population had grown to one billion. In the year 1800, only 3% of the world’s population lived in cities, while the rest lived in rural agricultural areas. By the end of the 19th century that number had risen to about 30%.



Industrial Revolution Effects: The industrial revolution forced people to move into big cities. The best and most available jobs were at factories, so that’s where people needed to go. If you worked in a factory, your wages were much higher than they would be in a small village. At first, the living conditions within cities were extremely poor because of a lack of regulations, which eventually led to disease and death. Eventually, public health acts made tougher regulations and improved the quality of life within these cities. This mad dash to the cities resulted in better living conditions, and the money that they made allowed them to buy houses at a younger age. All of these factors contributed in lowering the death rate, raising the birth rate, and exponentially increasing the world population.



Conclusion: Before the industrial revolution people lived in small towns. When the revolution hit, people moved to the cities and got better jobs so that they could start families at a younger age. This resulted in an increase in births and a decrease in deaths, which caused a large population increase.

Food Supply and Medicine

Food Supply

Agricultural developments increased food supply.

The start of the agricultural revolution began in Great Britain in the early 1700s, by the mid-1800s the revolutionary ideas had made their way across the Atlantic and were being used in North America.

At the point of the Industrial Revolution, agriculture had been changing steadily, but it changed more quickly at the start of the Industrial Revolution. In 1750, Great Britain had the most technologically advanced agriculture and it was being used in a market economy. Since Great Britain took center stage in world affairs in the 1800s and 1900s, these improvements in agriculture were wide spread.

Methods of crop production improved, as did advances in livestock breeding, and the inventions of new farm equipment in the later years of the Industrial Revolution. Ideas like replenishing soil, fertilizers, crop rotations, and irrigation.


 * Jethro Tull-** Invented the seed drill, a mechanical seeder which distributed seeds quickly and more efficiently across land.



Medicine

Throughout the industrial revolution several medical discoveries were made. Anesthesia was common in surgeries for the first time. The first vaccines were created, and microorganisms were discovered. Life expectancy rose drastically because many diseases were completely eradicated, and medical facilities like hospitals were much more sanitary.


 * Louis Pasteur-** A microbiologist and chemist, he made breakthroughs in studying the spread of diseases. He discovered the rabies vaccine and supported the “Germ theory of disease”. Pasteur also invented pasteurization, which stopped milk and wine from causing sickness.


 * Joseph Lister-** Promoted the sanitation of hospitals and of sanitized surgeries. Lister introduced carbolic acid, to sterilize instruments used in surgery and to clean wounds, which led to reducing the number of infections after surgery and made surgery safer for patients.


 * Florence** **Nightengale-** She is considered to be the founder of modern nursing. She created the first school for nursing in 1860 at St. Thomas’ Hospital in London, the first one in the world. Before Nightengale, nurses generally weren’t educated.

Conclusion: The emergence of modern medical knowledge and increased food production lead to an enormous increase in population.

= **__** = =HUMAN MIGRATION = = = =TABLE OF CONTENTS = =I: **Introduction **= =II: **Urbanization **= =III: **Europe **= =IV: **Asia **= =V:** Africa **= =VI:** Latin America **= =VII: **North America **= = = =I. INTRODUCTION= Humans have been consistently on the move throughout history, the same way all animals have been. While this common factor of life is aged, the patterns seen in more recent history seem to defy the patterns of the past. The changes in these patterns come from various sources, but most significantly being the development of large cities due to factories and forms of public transportation, and technological advances in all forms of transportation, such as trains and steamboats. Overall, the impact of the Industrial Revolution on human migration has been enormous in diverting populations away from historical trends.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**II. URBANIZATION** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The most significant large-scale migration, seen throughout the world in the last 300 years, is that of people moving closer to cities. This migration generates enormous centers of commerce, disease, and culture. This urbanization was caused by a series of technological developments that spurred a countless number of new jobs, ranging from sweeping a street to running a transportation system that would make use of the very same street being swept.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**III. EUROPE** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Europe’s many nations faced a dramatic change during the Industrial Revolution. With certain nations developing much quicker than others, the population shifts were still towards cities, but often cities in different countries, such as England, France, and Germany. These western nations pulled ahead significantly, due to larger markets with more people, further advances in technology, and compared to eastern Europe, they simply took people away. Additionally, many people from Africa and Asia came to the western European nations in search of a better life.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**IV. ASIA** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Asia held a relatively weak place in the Industrial Revolution. Aside from Japan and parts of China, there was little development, and many places were left far behind what Europe and America could offer. This was a major factor in the migration patterns observed in the region. Large amounts of Asian populations remained as rural peoples, whereas many others left for large cities and the Americas, Europe, and Japan.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**V. AFRICA** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Africa was among the least developed regions during the Industrial Revolution. Colonists settled all around it, but simply exploited the natural resources the continent had to offer, and never actually invested much into anything but the southern tip, and the lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Loads of tribes were displaced and politically split by several treaties, such as the Treaty of Versailles. They took little consideration into the identity of the hundreds of African tribes when creating boundaries, and often cut families and friendships apart. Also, Europeans, Americans, and Asians settled in the previously listed southern Africa and northern Africa, permanently establishing respected economies and developed regions.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**VI. LATIN AMERICA** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> South America and the Caribbean are similar to Africa during the Industrial Revolution. They are largely exploited for raw materials and other resources, and the lasting investment only had an effect on very small areas. Mostly used for crops due to the tropical climate, the Caribbean and parts of South America had a decline in value as the world’s market shifted towards factory goods. Large settlements remained on a number of Caribbean islands, some areas of the Atlantic coast, and certain areas of the Pacific coast.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**VII. NORTH AMERICA** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Similar to western Europe, North America was a pioneer in the Industrial Revolution, and this meant immigration. Every corner of the world held people who wanted to, or had already gone to North America -- primarily the United States. Major ports in both Canada and the United States became melting pots of culture, notably Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Vancouver, Toronto, Chicago, Detroit, Boston, and New York. Also, large-scale urbanization was more apparent than ever in the cities of the United States. With an ever-expanding railroad network, new industries such as the automobile, and a wide production of factory goods, urban life was desirable for its abundance of reliable jobs. Urbanization did include many sanitization and working condition problems. With large crowds of people, labor was basically disposable, so business magnates exploited the working class. Still, the Industrial Revolution is generally seen to have planted itself in the United States and England.