2F.+The+Islamic+World

Group 3
a. Trace the rise of Dar al-Islam and the role it played as a unifying cultural and economic force in Eurasia and Africa. b. Identify the characteristics of political structures, notably the caliphate, and compare them to existing religious systems. c. Identify the unique contributions that Islam had on the arts, sciences and technologies. d. Analyze the effects of Islam on society.

-Ceramics -Jewelry -Floral patterns -Geometric patterns -Depictions humans or animals which might result in idol-worship. -Architecture -Painting -Pottery -Intricate carpets || -After death prophet Muhammad, in 632 ADE, the Islamic empire began to expand beyond Arabian Peninsula. -Islamic leaders conquered Iran in 641 ADE and Egypt in 642 ADE. -In the eighth century, all of northern Africa, the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), India and Indonesia became Islamic lands. -The Muslims were stopped at France by their defeat at the Battle of Tours in 732 ADE. -Around 762, Baghdad became the intellectual capital of the empire.  || -1299–1923 -Slow conquest over Byzantines -Complete eliminated Christianity -Destroyed monasteries -Forced Christians to pay tax -Most powerful state by 1500
 * || ==<span style="font-size: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">** ddddddddddddddddddddd **__ The __** d **__ Islamic __** d **__ World __** dddddddddddddddddddddddddd ** == ||
 * __**A**__RT || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Calligraphy
 * __**G**__EOGRAPHY || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-The average persons knowledge of the world around them was limited to their local area and maps provided by religious authorities.
 * __**M**__ILITARY || __**The Ottoman Conquest**__

-661-750 C.E. -Lasted in Spain until 1031 -Major Expansion of Islam -Sunni Rule -5th largest Empire ever-Capital in Damascus-Caliph’s represent god on earth (theocracy) -Made Arabic main language __<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Abbasid Expansion** __  -<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">758-1258 C.E.   <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">-Moved capital to Baghdad  <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">◦House of Wisdom  <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">-Shia led government  <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">-Huge economic wealth  <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">◦Innovated industrial mills  <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">-Crank shaft  <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">-Wheeled gears  <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">◦Numerous product production  __**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Islam in Spain **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-711-1492 C.E. -Claimed during the Umayyad Dynasty -Initially very tolerant of Jews & Christians ◦Some adopted Muslim Practices -Cultural Influence ◦Architecture -Eventual Intolerance ◦Christian homes lower than Muslim || -No group was more important in the transmission in beleifs and practices. -They weren't priests in the christian sense, for an Islam, at least theoretically no person could stand between the believer and Allah. -They served as judges, interpreters, administrators, prayer leaders and reciters of the Qur'an.
 * __The Umayyad Expansion__**
 * __**S**__OCIAL || __**The Ulama:**__

__**Social Hierarchy:**__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-At the top part of the Islamic Social ladder was the Caliph and his household. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-The next level of social class was the professionals, traders, merchants, teachers, doctors. In Islamic society, trade and commerce was more valuable than agriculture. -<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">At the bottom of the class system were the slaves. Slaves in Islamic society were different than other slaves in history. Slaves could gain freedom in various ways, classical mistreatment was not tolerated, slavery was not locked into a specific race. || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">- They ruled the empire but also made pronouncements on religious doctrines. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">- The Caliph acted as military commander, chief judge and religious leader. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">- Islam was a theocracy. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">- A government ruled by immediate divine guidance or by the officials who are regarded as being divinely guided <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">- Islam is also a Caliphate because it is ruled by a Caliph <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">- As time went on Caliphs began to act more like a hereditary ruler but they had no clear lines of succession. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">- The early political center of Islam was in Meca. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">- During the Umayyad dynasty it the political center was moved to Damascus. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">- Arabic became the official language of the government. || · **__ Muhammad __** - ** Founder of Islam ** and its first leader. - Grew up in Mecca exposed to many different beliefs. - Started preaching monotheistic Islam a. Came in conflict with polytheistic Mecca leaders who wanted to keep the city polytheistic. b. Persecuted Muhammad and threatened him with death. - Muhammad and his followers fled to **Medina** (known as the **__Hijra__**) - Dies unexpectedly in 632, and is replaced by **Abu Bakr**. · **__ Abu Bakr __** - After Muhammad dies, Abu Bakr, one of Muhammad’s 1st followers, becomes **Caliph** (emperor and religious leader). - Made the Islamic Empire a **Theocracy** (Gov’t ruled by immediate divine guidance) - Because theocratic Islamic Empire was ruled by a Caliph, it is referred to as a **Caliphate.** · **__ Key Ideas __** - **__ Five Pillars __** 1. Confession of Faith 2. Prayer Five Times a Day 3. Charity 4. Fasting during Ramadan 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca a. “6th Pillar” is **__Jihad__:** means “to struggle,” which refers to the struggle to be a better Muslim and against non-believers. - **__ Qur’an __** a. Sacred book of Islam. b. Allah’s words transmitted through Muhammad. c. Muhammad’s revelations from Allah from 610 to 632. d. Intended to be recited rather than simply read. e. Written in poetic form. f. Core message: **Surrender to the divine.** g. Radically **monotheistic.** - **__ Great Schism __** · **__ Women in Islam __** - Qur’an established guidelines: a. Treated with dignity. b. Some legal rights. c. Equal to men before Allah. d. Infanticide (killing of unwanted babies, usually girls) strictly forbidden. e. If a man divorced his wife, he would have to return her dowry. - Restrictions: a. Had to be faithful to one man, although one man could have up to 4 wives. b. In the courtroom, a women’s testimony was only given half the weight of a man's. c. Women had to be veiled in public. || - One of the fastest expanding empires ever. a. Spread mainly on conquest for more followers - Started the idea of universities a. Led to vast expanse of knowledge. b. Knowledge spread across empire through pilgrimages to Mecca c. Invention of Algebra - Thought that diseases were spread by airborne organisms led to the idea of quarantining those affected = First hospitals. - Military genius led to vast empire and huge wealth. - Empire’s greatest cities, such as Baghdad and Mecca were told to rival that of ancient Greece and Rome. a. Had very unique “dome shaped” architecture. || - Paper Mills. - Universities. a. Led to wide spread knowledge and fuelled technological thinking. - Astrolabe and Sextant. - Algebra. a. Very important math still used to this day. - Chess. - Guns and Cannons. a. led to great military accomplishment and when other civilizations came in contact with these, they innovated and made them better. - Modern Soap. a. Led to sanitary thought and cleaner hospitals and surgical equipment. - Mechanical Clock. a. A better version of the Chinese water clock, showed the Muslims not only invented things but also made already great inventions better. - Distilled alcohol. a. Allowed for the drinking of water which at the time was very dirty and filled with deadly bacteria. - Surgical instruments. a. Kept clean by the idea of soap. - Hospitals. a. Thought of by the idea of airborne illness and keeping those who were affected quarantined. || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">- Merchants introduced the idea of credit. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> - This caused many people to stop carrying coins. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">- Itemized receipts and bills were introduced. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">- Steel was one of their most manufactured and important exports. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">- New medicines and mathematics helped the economy. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">- They fought to gain control of the silk road. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">- With being the link between Europe and Asia, Islam created a monolopy of the trade routes. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">- Libraries and universities were built. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> - This brought people from all over the world to Islam. They would buy Islamic goods and allowed an increase of trade and an economy boom. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">  ||
 * __**P**__OLITICS || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">- The head of state was known as the Caliph.
 * **__R__**ELIGION || **//__ Religion __//** · Islam shares a common history with Judaism and Christianity. It accepts Abraham, Moses, and Jesus as prophets (Jesus isn’t son of God in their religion), and hold Muhammad as last great prophet. Like Christians, Muslims believe everyone is equal before God (in Islam **Allah**) and everyone should be converted. Islam Split into two groups: the Sunni and Shiite, which occurred because of a disagreement in who should succeed Mohammad as the leader of the faith.
 * a. ** Muslims split into two groups: Sunni and Shiite.
 * b. ** Shiite believed Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali, was the rightful heir to the empire, based on Muhammad’s comments to Ali.
 * c. ** Sunni don’t believe Ali and his successors are the chosen leaders, and that the leaders should be chosen from a broad base of people.
 * __**I**__NTELLECT || **//__ Intellectual __//**
 * __**T**__ECHNOLOGY || **//__ Technology __//**
 * __**E**__CONOMY || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> - In Islam gold and silver coins were the standard monetary unit.