5E.++Globalization+of+science,+tech,+&+culture

E. Globalization of science, tech, & culture: Trace developments in global cultures and regional reactions including science and consumer culture, analyze patterns of resistance to science, technology, and global culture including religious responses and rationale for their resistance.

Table of Contents

1. Tracing developments of Consumer culture 2. Tracing developments of Science 3. Religious resistance 4.Alternatives to Fundamentalism 5. Conclusion


 * Consumer Culture:**
 * The cold war ended the last obstacle for ture global interaction and trade.
 * Curriencies were no longe tied to old alliances.
 * New businesses oppertunities emerged.
 * Deregulation ad constant communication caused intergrated financial networks.
 * Internet
 * Commerical interdependence intensified in the 1980's.
 * East Asia began to grow industrialy and commericaly
 * Regional Trading blocks
 * North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 1990's
 * [[image:http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSGzaQCAaqrXHCiQAgKt3Y8LS4qWzrMuXR997Dm2H_VmD00ePtMTw width="123" height="98"]]
 * European Economic Community (EEC) 1957 --> European Union (EU)
 * EU single curriency
 * Euro
 * [[image:http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSUVnR85XyCCkOJHLJJwoaIt5jFYBPKGWteGoQvfIp1fMBludYz width="137" height="87"]]
 * This made it easier for goods and ideas to be transported.
 * Result
 * Cultures are homogenous and intergrated
 * EX- Starbucks in Beijing Forbidden City
 * [[image:http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQShqPGGYkNkiECVWie34SVBC4Q0WrMZ2HQ7r1Z2xC2tS69tCXGeg width="275" height="183"]]
 * Wide range of music, art, litature and information
 * China's profitable industrial revolution has contributed to a rising and educated middle class.
 * Shop at
 * 300 Starbucks
 * 800 McDonalds
 * Developments of Science**
 * Presented challenge to world religions
 * Minorities only believed in things that could be proven scientifically
 * Transportation improved as machines became more easily built and available
 * With the Great Depression over, many American could now do more discretionary spending, such as cars, vacation, ect.
 * Microwave, TV remote, jet airliner invented
 * Weapons became increasingly complex and dangerous,
 * led to more sanctions and precations among nations, the possibility of a nuclear holocaust was a reality
 * Medicine also increased exponentially
 * birth control invented, which attributed to the "liberation of women"
 * Disposable needles, CAT scans, increased sanitation and improvement in the medical field


 * Religious Responses:**
 * Because the world became forever linked, science, technology, and culture spread rapidly.
 * Different religions reacted in different ways:
 * Christianity
 * Christianity spread at an exponential rate.
 * Christians were now in almost //all// parts of the globe.
 * No longer concentrated in Europe / North America
 * Fundamentalism
 * A form of Protestant Christianity that upholds belief in the strict and literal interpretation of the Bible.
 * A religious movement formed around this theory:
 * **Disagreed with the use of modern technology and other global practices**
 * At its heart fundamentalism is a "major reaction against modernization and globalization
 * a militant piety, defensive and exclusive
 * has developed in every major religious tradition
 * Hinduism
 * Fundamentalism took hold of India
 * Referred to as Hindutva
 * Evolved in to a political party:
 * Bharatiya Janata Party
 * Promoted basics of Hinduism
 * Included maintaining a distinct Hindu Identity
 * Buddhism
 * Little western opposition occurred against Buddhism
 * Well accepted in the West
 * Islam
 * Islamic fundamentalism is the most prominent fundamentalism of the late twentieth century
 * Attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001
 * WTC destruction is only one sign of a much bigger phenomenon
 * Great disappointments in the Muslim world by the 1970s
 * New states (e.g., Egypt, Iran, Algeria) pursued basically Western and secular policies
 * New policies were largely unsuccessful
 * Foreign intrusion continued
 * Growing attraction of an Islamic alternative to Western models
 * Foundations laid early in the century (e.g., Mawlana Mawdudi,Sayyid Qutb)
 * effort to return to true Islam was labeled “jihad”
 * Effort to return to true Islam was labeled “jihad”
 * Penetration of fundamentalist thought in the Islamic world
 * Increase in religious observance
 * Many women voluntarily adopted modest dress and veils
 * Many governments used Islamic rhetoric and practice as anchor
 * Series of Islamic organizations were formed to provide social services
 * Islamic activists became leaders in unions and professional organizations
 * entry into politics
 * Some groups sought overthrow of compromised regimes
 * The Egyptian Islamic Jihad assassinated Anwar Sadat in 1981
 * in 1979, a radical Islamic group in Mecca tried to overthrow the Saudi government
 * Islamic movements took power in Iran (1979) and Afghanistan (1996); implemented radical Islamization
 * Attacks on hostile foreign powers
 * Hamas (Palestine) and Hezbollah (Lebanon) targeted Israel
 * response to Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979)
 * Osama bin Laden founded al-Qaeda to funnel support to the Afghan resistance
 * bin Laden was disillusioned by the stationing of U.S. troops in Arabia
 * in 1998, al-Qaeda issued a //fatwa// (religious edict) declaring war against America
 * attacks on Western interests in East Africa, Indonesia, Great Britain, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Yemen
 * the “great enemy” was irreligious Western-style modernity, U.S. imperialism, and economic globalization


 * Alternatives to Fundamentalism
 * In the Middle East, violence was the response
 * In other regions / religions, Government intervention was the response
 * However, not all religions disagreed with all ideals of globalization
 * Christianity began to intervene in areas with unjust rulers and laws
 * Buddhism was well accepted, and had a resurgence in Asia
 * Overall:
 * Globalization brought religion and the modern world together. Though they clashed at times, they cooperated in others. Some resorted to fundamentalism, while others accepted contemporary thinking. It is a fine line that still exists today. One thing can be sure, however; The modern world and religion will forever be linked, one affecting the other and not always positively. Nevertheless ,this is what developed both, the clash of culture and advancement of society to reach this point.