1A.+Locating+Hst.+in+the+Time+and+the+Environ

Topic A Group 5: Danielle Cummings, Steven McConnell, Ryan Jose, and Jessica Brewer
 * Locating World History in Time and the Environment **

-A common theme regarding the interaction between human society and geography is that all the first civilizations emerged in areas where major bodies of water were found.
 * __A. Describe the interaction of human society with geography and climate__**

-Mesopotamia-> Tigris and Euphrates River -Indus Valley->Indus River -Chinese->Yellow River -Egypt-> Nile River -Olmec->Gulf of Mexico -Norte Chico->Pacific Ocean

-These rivers allowed for easier transportations for trade, and it allowed for the surrounding land to fertile for farming. This shows how geography played a key role on the development of civilizations.

** Farming ** -These civilizations emerged as a result of the Agricultural Revolution, which occurred between 10,000-3000 B.C.E.

-During the Agricultural Revolution, hunter and gatherers began to domesticate plants and animals.

- The climate also determined which crops would be domesticated by civilizations For example: Warmer, wetter and more tropic conditions allowed more wild plants, like cereal grasses to flourish. In turn, these crops were the ones harvested by people.

-The domestication of animals allowed for them to be used as working animals, which may have allowed people to focus less on survival and work on innovations for technology.

-As a result, surpluses of food became available which allowed for civilizations to rise.

** Roman Aqueducts ** -Rome engineered its own system for obtaining water from local rivers. This technology allowed the people to get water for private or public use. The aqueducts were channels built on elevated arches that started from a natural water source and transported the water back to the city.

-This shows a civilization’s interaction with nature since the Romans used technology to manipulate nature by allowing them to have easier access to far water sources.

** Chinese Irrigation system ** **-**The Chinese built dams and canals to redirect a river in order to irrigate land. This allowed for the population to increase since food production improved.

-The irrigation system was built by Li Bing at around 250 B.C.E. during China’s Warring State. Like the Roman Aqueducts, this was another interaction between civilizations and nature because the Chinese used technology to manipulate nature for their benefit.

** African Civilizations ** __ Meroe __ -This African Civilization was known for their industry on manufacturing iron tools and weapons. This relates to the environment, because of mining the Earth’s iron resources. It also led to deforestation in order to use lumber for smelting the iron

- Deforestation later played a part in the decline of the Meroe civilization.

__ Axum __ -This northeast African civilization developed an economic foundation based on a highly productive plow based agriculture which generated wheat, barley, millet and teff.

-Axum also relied on the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean for trade. -This shows a civilization’s use of a large body of water (geography) to interact with other civilizations.

-Merchants sold and traded products such as animal hide, horns, ivory and shells. This gives evidence that the Africans relied on animals for trade.

-Over time, environmental changes like soil exhaustion and deforestation due to farming led to the decline of the civilization. This shows how nature’s negative interaction towards a civilization.

** North America ** -Two primary civilizations occupied North America from 500 B.C.E-1200B.C.E. -The Mound builders of the East. -The Pueblo builders of the Southwest.

-Geography played both positive and negative roles -These two civilizations relied on major rivers to spread around North America. The Pueblo culture people relied on the Rio Grande, while the mound builders expanded their population through the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio Rivers.

-Because of the Rocky Mountains, there was little direct contact between the two.

1. End of last Ice age - 14,000-8000 B.C.E. - Formed ice bridges:  (present day terms) North America was connected to Greenland via ice sheet, and Asia via land bridge. Australia was connected to the pacific islands via land bridge. There was an ice sheet across Europe, Canada, the tip of South America and parts of Asia, allowing for easy traveling - Extinction of various large mammals in North America End of last Ice Age and beginning of Paleolithic Age - Migration patterns - Africa was the first place the “human revolution occurred” - Sometime between 100,000 and 60,000 years ago humans began their trek out of Africa and onto different continents 2. Paleolithic Age - Lasted until roughly 11,000 years ago, the Paleolithic area represents over 95% of the time that human beings have inhabited the earth - Phase of human history during which initial migrations took place - Homo sapiens inhabited and adapted to their environment (population grew) - Nomadic: Had to follow food (animals), no permanent shelter/residence/city, seasons changed - Hunting:  Had to follow the animals, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">MAJOR <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> source of food, thus one must follow <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Gathering: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Collection of wild grains which represented a major addition to the food supply beyond the use of roots, berries, and nuts <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- First groups intensely personal and kinship relations were strong <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Average life expectancy of only 35 yrs <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Stone tools: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Became more advanced over time, and as a result could do the work better, faster, and with less human effort. New, more efficient ways to hunt, gather, and survive etc… <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Last Ice Age: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Came to an end between 16,000 and 10,000 years ago <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Followed by a general <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">natural <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> global warming <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Plants and animals unable to survive during the ice age flourished and increased their range which as a result; gave humans a more diverse and inhabitable environment in which some groups began to permanently settle into “civilizations” <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">AS A RESULT OF SETTLING DOWN… <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">3. Agricultural Revolution <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Domesticated crops: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> They could stay in one place because they had a steady reliable food source. They could also store food and eat it later, also increasing their food source greatly <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Enough food to sustain HEALTHY people: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Crops (cereal crops in particular including wheat, barley, and oats) were filling and nutritious enough to make people live longer <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Time to develop new technology: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> As a result of not everyone in the community hunting and gathering, some people had free time on their hands. It was within this free time that new technology for farming, hunting, textiles, and much more emerged… This is known as <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">SPECIALIZATION <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Population booms: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Because people had a steady and nutritious food source they lived longer and their offspring didn’t die at birth and lived longer also. People stopped dying from starvation and malnutrition, and the birth rate increased because everyone was healthy and all the babies didn’t die <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">4. Domestication of Animals <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Dependable food source: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Could herd the animal and get to them whenever they wanted (unlike most crops). Thus, they would <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ALWAYS <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> have food <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Clothing/textile source: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> The animals hide could be used for clothing/warmth, and the hair and/or wool from some could be made into yarn/thread which could be used to make cloth, which in the end would clothe the people <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Poop makes good fertilizer: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Animals pooped and the ground absorbed the nutrition and the soil became fertile from it and thus the crops grew bigger and better <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Population booms: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> nutritious meat anytime, warmth from hides/fur/wool <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Humans contract diseases from animals: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Animals carried diseases that humans were not naturally immune to. As a result in living in very close proximity to the animals many humans contracted these diseases and died <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Population drops: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> As a result of these animal borne diseases some communities’ populations dwindled for a short period of time <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">5. Environment <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Rivers provide fertile soil: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Crops grow, animals eat crops, poop, cycle continues <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Rivers provide water: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Humans need water to survive; crops need water to grow etc… <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Rivers are a source of transportation: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Could travel easy <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Rivers are a source of food: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> fish, and other plant life and creatures. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Harsh desert climates are very hard to live in: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> water is scarce bad for humans and farming, heat is great <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Harsh desert climates have dry soil: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hard to grow crops; particularly in Africa’s fragile environment where the Sahel grasslands were receding, and there was poor soil quality <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Humans deplete natural resources in their area: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Once humans depleted the natural resources in their community and surrounding, there was nothing that could sustain them and so they died, or they had to move to another place, or they became nomadic again. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Soil: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> becomes full of salt, dry, depleted of nutrients from various reasons (over use, natural disasters etc...) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Rivers flood: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> This causes some communities to be wiped out completely and others suffer great damage. However, the flooding of the rivers made the soil around it rich and full of moisture/water thus, crops could grow bigger and better and humans would survive better and multiply <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">5. Civilizations/Empires formed <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Humans created communities with a formal political authority that controlled a particular territory <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Security: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Living in a civilization and/or empire provides safety and security from possible violent wandering nomads, animals, etc… <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Civilizations Included (Roughly)… <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- The First civilizations in the world emerged between 3500 and 500 B.C.E. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Indus River Valley Civilizations/Mesopotamia 1500 and 1000 B.C.E. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Norte Chico 3000 B.C.E. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Maya 2000 B.C.E. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Andean 1000 B.C.E. - 1000 C.E. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Greek Empire 750 B.C.E. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Persian Empire 500 B.C.E. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Mauryan Empire 326 B.C.E. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Niger River Valley300-900- B.C.E. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Han Dynasty206 B.C.E. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Meroe 300 B.C.E. - 100 C.E. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Axum 50 C.E. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Moche 100 C.E. - 800 C.E. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Rome 200 B.C.E. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Chaco 860 C.E. - 1130 C.E. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Cahokia 900 C.E. - 1250 C.E. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">6. Wars. Diseases, Disasters <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Rivers flood: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> devastate communities <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- China 403-221 BCE “age of warring states”, disharmony, growing violence, chaos <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Yellow Turban Rebellion 184 CE: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Peasants revolt because of lack of jobs and high taxes <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">7. Collapse of Civilizations/Empires <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Cause: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Many of the civilizations/empires collapsed because of death of power figure famine, war, etc… <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Safety: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Without a safe and secure environment, many people became dependent on a hunter-gather lifestyle again and could not survive or cope <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Diaspora: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Caused the people left over to disperse and relocate to new locations. This caused people to relocate and settle in different parts of the world, thus changing the population drastically in those parts and around the world <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-- __**C. Trace the Chronology of Early Human History**__ **100,000 B.C.E** - Migration out of Africa begins. **70,000 - 40,000 B.C.E** - Humans move into eastern Asia and the first use of boats to migrate to Australia. **30,000 - 25,000 B.C.E** - Migration to Americas along with European cave art. **16,000 - 13,000 B.C.E** - End of the last Ice Age. **12,000 - 7,000 B.C.E** - Agriculture begins to develop, In Southwest China, barley, wheat, lentils, and figs are planted. **6,500 - 5,000 B.C.E** - China begins to plant rice, millet, and soybeans and domesticate pigs, chickens, and water buffalo. Highland New Guinea eats taro, bananas, yams, and sugarcane and lacked domestications of animals. **4,000 - 3,000 B.C.E** - Saharan and sub-Saharan Africa develops sorghum, millet, yams teff. Andes region plant potatoes, quinoa, and manioc with the use of llamas, alpaca, and guinea pigs. Also, Mesoamerica uses maize, squash, and beans. **3,000 B.C.E** - Three civilizations begin to develop, Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq), Egyptian civilization in the Nile River Valley, and Norte Chico which emerged along the Andes Mountains.
 * __B. Identify the human and environmental factors that caused changes in human population over time__**
 * 250,000 B.C.E**- //Homo sapiens// enter Africa.

** Mesopotamia ** Development – In 3,000 B.C.E independent Sumerian city-states unite to create Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. By 2,500 B.C.E the earliest form of text emerged (cnuiform) along with the beginnings of Sumerian law codes. Fall – Overpowered by the Hittites in 1,595 B.C.E but innovations such as copper lead to the over-throw of Hittites. By 900 B.C.E the Assyrian empire ruled Mesopotamia and eventually took over Israel in 722 B.C.E. By 500 B.C.E Mesopotamia became part of the Persian empire. ** Egypt ** Development – Unified as one state in 3,100 B.C.E and was considered at the high point in the old kingdom around 2,660 B.C.E. Established trade routes with Mesopotamia around 2,300 B.C.E. Fall – Invaded by the Hyksos in 1,650 B.C.E and was ruled by them until 1,535 B.C.E. Egypt gained military power and developed new innovations and eventually lead to the New Kingdom. New Kingdom – Egyptian empire emerged around 1,500 B.C.E, but the New Kingdom falls again to Kush, who eventually are overpowered by the Assyrians in 670 B.C.E. After 100 years of rule, the Assyrians were overtaken by Persia around 525 B.C.E. ** China ** Development – Around 500 B.C.E China has warring states all the way until 220 B.C.E where Shihuangdi and Qin Dynasty unify the warring states. By 200 B.C.E, the Han dynasty takes power and rules until 220 C.E when peasant revolts (Yellow Turban Rebellion 184 B.C.E) create another age of warring states. ** Greek ** Development – Greece emerged earlier than China did, they began to develop around 750 B.C.E. Greece contained many city-states and had a population of about 2-3 million. It was located on a small peninsula which was deeply divided by steep mountains and valleys. Fall – After the Greco-Persian Wars (490 B.C.E), which was consisted of a couple of brutal attacks by the Persians, Greece fell to Macedonian rule in 338 B.C.E. Not long after, Alexander the Great conquered the land in 333 B.C.E, which launched the Hellenistic era. After Alexander’s conquest, Greece was taken over by the Roman Empire in 200 B.C.E. ** Persia ** Rise to Power - In 500 B.C.E was considered the world’s largest and most powerful empire. They developed their homeland on the Iranian plateau just north of the Persian Gulf. Under the power of Cyrus and Darius, the Persian Empire expanded to Egypt to India and contained about 35 million people. ** Rome ** <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rags-to-Riches-to-Rags – Roman aristocrats established a republic around 509 B.C.E in which patricians (wealthy class) dominated. After this, the Roman Empire slowly expanded into a large powerhouse. In 490 B.C.E Rome took over its Latin neighbors in Central Italy and eventually ruled the whole Italian peninsula. Between 264 and 146 B.C.E Rome won the Punic Wars against Carthage and expanded to the western Mediterranean. By the early second-century B.C.E Rome reached its height by developing in present-day Spain, France, and Britain. In 49 B.C.E Julius Caesar becomes dictator but is assassinated in 44 B.C.E and by 395 C.E Rome splits into two halves (Eastern and Western). After this split Rome is invaded by Barbarians and the western half falls in 476 C.E. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-- <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">D. Identify the continuities and changes within the time period __**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Agriculture: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Gathering/hunting for food <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-->a <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">griculture/herding (Agricultural Revolution) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•Larger populations threatened loss of plants and animals; resulting in domestication. **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•Disappearance of large mammals (mammoth/bison) resulted in new technology to increase food productions. **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•Still maintained the food sources special to each region; just adapted them as time changed (maize/corn). **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-“Secondary Revolution”= learning to use animals for other purposes like: **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•transportation by horses/camels **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•milk **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•harvest wool **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•hitch plows later on **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - This led to the creation and spread of certain diseases like smallpox, flu, measles, chicken pox, etc. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•Natural ecosystems were being altered by farming/herding <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">this led to soil erosions, deforestation, etc. **


 * People no longer were just using nature, but actively changing it. The mutual dependence went both ways; plants and animals could no longer survive without human action.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Tools/Technology: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Technology improved over time= Stone <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">metals <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•beginning of jewelry <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•weapon making <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•digging stick/hoe <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">sickles, polished axes, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•plows, chariots <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•developed irrigation, canals, aqueducts <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">soon indoor plumbing as well <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•pyramids, temples-->improved architecture

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Society: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Increased technology= larger populations= increased settlements <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Cities/states developed over time (3500 BCE) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•free of tyranny and oppression in earlier times <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">new differences in economic function, skill, wealth, and status divided people making them subject to oppression. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•before there were equal gender roles <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">soon there was a division of sexes/creation of hierarchies/slavery. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*men began to dominate women <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*merchant classes/labor classes developed <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*wealth influenced how people were divided <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•agricultural villages, pastoral societies, chiefdoms <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">civilizations, cities/states, empires. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•closer living conditions= spread of epidemics <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•development of written languages <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">laws, literature, philosophy, mathematics <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•creation of weapons and new use of animals= development of military <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•job specialization developed with classes in civilizations.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Art/Communication/Religion:

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Cave drawings were the beginning of art; still basic of what art is today. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•sculptures and architecture changed as metals and other things were discovered <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•job specialization also influenced how art looked

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Religion is another constant that was maintained for the most part <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•each region had their own beliefs; it was spread to different areas over time though <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">•monotheistic or polytheistic


 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Source(s): **
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Strayer, Robert W. //Ways// //of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources//. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2011. Print. **