3B.++Major+Empires+&+Political+Units+Social+Systems

- Mainly made of stone - Religious figures - Art work such as pictographs, paintings and warrior drawings. -Pictographs were small pictures that represented objects or sounds - Pottery – Each tribe made their own unique - Large temples ||< -Not as detailed as European or Chinese at the time. -Lots of precious metals, especially gold and silver -Figurines, pots made of clay and precious metals -Depiction of gods || -Ceramics - Bright colors -Domes and Coulmns -Decorative tiles ||< -Sophisticated -Advanced and intricate architecture. -Temples, Palaces, etc. -Porcelain pots -Beautiful weaponry -Showed they had technology to work with and detail strong metals. -At the time still male dominated -Although starting to depict women more than in the past. -Depiction of warfare -Showed strong military fleets second to none. ||< -Similar to most renaissance European artwork of the time. -Very detailed -Religious Showed wealth and prosperity  ||< - Colorful - Decorative tiles - Detailed - Renaissance art - Religious - Oil paintings -Skilled ||<  - Similar to renaissance Europe art  - Sophisticated  - Realistic  - Showed wealth  - Advanced architecture similar to Islamic “dome” shapes ||<  -Renaissance - Very detailed - Displayed wealth - Many portraits of kings, queens, and strong military leaders - Women and men
 * <  ||< Aztec ||< Incan ||< Ottoman ||< Chinese ||< Portuguese ||< Spanish ||< Russian ||< French ||< British ||< Tokugawa ||< Mughal ||<   ||
 * < Art ||< - Elaborate

||<  - Renaissance  - Very detailed  - Displayed wealth  - Many portraits of kings, queens, and strong military leaders  - Women and men ||< - 2D - Dipicted landscapes - Dipicted daily livess - Simple and detailed art ||<  - Precious stones and very unique and advanced architecture  - Precious metals  - Men and women <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Interaction with other cultures, especially Hindus depicted in paintings ||<  || - Capital: Tenochtitlan (present day Mexico City)
 * < Geography ||< -Central Mexico

||< -Located along the length of the Andes -Empire was 2500 miles long with 10 million subjects - Abundant in natural resources -Not many domestic animals ||< - Turky - Captial- Constantinople (today Istanbul) -The Empire was from Grece eastward to Persia to the Mediterranean down into Egypt and the Norther part of Africa ||< - Abundant in resources - Allowed for them to be independent - They didn’t need to trade with other places because they had everything they needed. -Silk Road and sea ports allowed for them to export their many goods. ||< -Located in southwestern Europe, next to Spain -Located on the Atlantic Ocean -Had the best advantage to reaching the Americas. ||< -Along the Atlantic and Mediterranean - Between France and Portugal ||< -Northeast Europe - Rough land - Cold ||< <span style="display: block; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> - Located in Western Europe - Across the English Channel from England - Atlantic Ocean

||< - Located in western Europe - Island - Across English Channel from France - Atlantic Ocean on left and North Sea to the right ||< - Japan - Captial-Edo (today Tokyo) ||< <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Located in India <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Arabian sea <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Many oceanic trade routes ||<  || -This was due to subject rebellion - Aztecs wanted to expand and conquered -Once an area was conquered, Aztecs would demand heavy taxes form captives - Fierce military that made rivals with neighbors ||< -Mostly bronze weapons - Not very organized - Good compared to neighboring American tribes - On global scale, considered behind ||< - Enslaved childerm of Christian subjects and turned them into warriors known as Janissaries - Ottoman rivals were the Safavids - Aggressive raiding of agricultural civilizations ||< -Extremely powerful military, especially during Ming China. -Use of steel, cannons, gun powder, guns, armor. -Very strong naval fleet -Zheng He’s Starfleet boasted ships that dwarfed Europeans. -Europeans were not able to conquer because Chinas army was too powerful. ||< - Steel swords and armor -Primitive guns -Cannons -Highly maneuverable and advanced ships -Horses ||< -Treaty of Tordesillas gave Spain the west side of the line that ran through the western Atlantic - Rough military - Known for their impressive horese - Brought disease (smallpoxs) - Wanted gold - Strong Navy ||< <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Strong military <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Trade with china <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Steel weapons   ||< <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Steel swords and armor <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Primitive guns <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Cannons <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Highly maneuverable and advanced ships <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Horses ||< - Steel swords and armor - Primitive guns - Cannons - Highly maneuverable and advanced ships - Horses ||< -Administrative power - Due to the military it was the longest uninterrutped peace in Japan ||< <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Muslim weapons an d engineering <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - One of the gunpowder empires <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Strong military with advanced steel weapons <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Swords, guns, horses, and cannons   ||<   || - Women had subordinate role in society but could inherit property - Women could be involved in commerce ||< -Ruler at the top -Governors for each of the 80 provinces -Men and women had more equality compared to other empire -Women and men operated in separate but equivalent sheres -parallel religious cults for women and men -parallel hierarchies of female and male political officials -women’s household tasks were not regarded as inferio - still, men had top positions in political and religious life - Inca ruler and his wife governed jointly, were descended from sun and moon ||< - Devshirme (collecting/gathering) - Balkan Christian communities were required to hand over a quota of young boys - Converted to Islam - Turned into warriors - Represents upward mobility within the empire - Christians were inferior ||< -Remained pretty much the same with gov’t officials on top -Social mobility among upper classes -Male dominated <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">-Women were seeing a small but gradual change in their male-dominant empire
 * < Military ||< -Professional army
 * < Social ||< - Warriors were the elite

||< -Had social mobility -Male dominated -However women played more significant roles than other empires. -Slaves at the bottom, kings at the top. -Mercantilism allowed for every lower-classmen to get into the upper-class ||< In the Colonies - Denisuiares- Governed the colonies and were sent from spain - Crillos or Creoles- People who were born in the colonies with spanish parents - Looked down upon but were still wealthy and educated - Mesizos- People with European and Native ancestors -Mulattos- People with European and African ancestory - Natives and Slaves

- Hierarchical system ||< <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Nobles and princes at top <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Middle class <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Slaves a bottom ||< - Had social mobility - Male dominated - However women played more significant roles than other empires. - Slaves at the bottom, kings at the top. - Mercantilism allowed for every lower-classmen to get into the upper-class ||< - Had social mobility - Male dominated a. However women played more significant roles than other empires. - Slaves at the bottom, kings at the top. - Mercantilism allowed for every lower-classmen to get into the upper-class ||<

- Distributed wealth - Peasents were enraged over taxes - Wealthy merchants earned the right to have a surname - Carrying swords showed class and wealth ||< <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Little social mobility <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Male dominate society <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - As in most Islamic cultures, women were covered up outside of home <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Sunni Muslims   ||<   || - Conquered areas cold rule themselves as long as they paid tribute ||< -Inca Empire was bureaucratic -Emperor was an absolute ruler regarded as divine -State theoretically owned all land and resources -Around 80 provinces, each with an Inca governor -Subjects grouped into hierarchical units of people ||< - Sultan (ruler/head of state) - Absolute power -Monarchy - Ottomans set up practices and institutions in the centeral government surrounding the sultan inner circle and local governments ||< -Strong centralized bureaucracy -Powerful Military -At its height, the Ming Dynasty had the most powerful military in the world -Wealthy -Politically isolated -It was very independent -120 million people -Tribute system kept loyalty among its subjects ||< -Monarchy -Ruled by king and queen -Focused on monopolizing the spice trade -Conquered small, but important ports to increase wealth and trade. ||< - Monarchy - Viceroys were appointed governors in each of the 5 regions and established an encomienda system - Strong national loyalties - Focused on expanding and getting new land - Centeral and strong government - Hierarchical units ||< <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Monarchy <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Ruled by princes and war leaders <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Followed Eastern Orthodox ways   ||< - Monarchy - Ruled by king and queen - Exploration in the Americas - Had many colonies <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">- Enlightenment thinking led to break between gov’t and religion ||< - Monarchy a. Ruled by king and queen - Exploration in the Americas a. Had many colonies - Enlightenment thinking led to break between gov’t and religion ||< - The Shogun "closed" contact with the outside world - Daimyo/Han located larged estates organnized samurai goverence confucious lines - Government families would have to rotate homes to prevent rebellion ||< <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Greatest ruler: Akbar <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Religious tolerance with Hindus <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Hindu wife <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Lifted much hated tax on Hindus <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Expanded empire greatly   ||<   || - Tens of thousands would be sacrificed annually - In honor of the sun and to sway the gods to provide them with sustenance. - Parton: Deity Huitzilopochtli - They believed in multiple heavens and hells - 9 hells - 13 heavens - They believed the sun wrestled with darkness every night - Your after life depended on how you died not on your life. ||< -Polytheistic -Human Sacrifice (on a smaller scale than Aztec) -Temples to gods, especially the sun.-Conquered subjects had to acknowledge major Incan gods -Then could carry on their own religious traditions ||< - Islam - Allowed Christians and Jews to practice their religion - Made them one of the most religiously tolerant empires in the world. ||< -Chinese religious change wasn’t as dramatic as what occurred in Europe -Confucian cultures didn’t spread widely in early modern period, but it wasn’t static. -Ming and Qing dynasty China still operated within a Confucian framework -Addition of Buddhist and Daoism thought led to creation of Neo- Confucianism -Both dynasties embraced the Confucian tradition ||< -Christian -Tried converting any natives they encountered -Arrived in Japan mid-sixteenth century -At first, Europeans were welcome -Around 300,000 Japanese converted to Christianity - Japan unified politically under the Tokugawa //shogun// in the early seventeenth century -Increasingly regarde d Europeans as a threat to unity -Expulsion of missionaries,massive persecution of Christians -Japanese were barred from travel abroad -Europeans were banned, except the Dutch at a single site ||< - Christian - Tried to convert native people - Spreading Christianity was one of the most important parts of the expantion ||< <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Eastern Orthodox <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Didn’t get along with the roman Catholics <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> ||< - Christian -Roman Catholic - Missionaries - Through American exploration, converted many natives - Killed whoever opposed ||< - Christian a. Roman Catholic - Missionaries a. Through American exploration, converted many natives b. Killed whoever opposed ||< -It was the age of religious renewal - Budddhism fell out of practice - Confucianism became popular again -outside religions were not welcome ||< <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Sunni Muslim <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Under Akbar, religious tolerance <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Caused close relationship with Hindus while it lasted <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Caused a golden age of art, architecture, and thought <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Lifted many hated taxes on the Hindu people ||<  || - They built artificial islands that allowed high agriculture due to swamp lands - Mythology was a large part of Aztec life - Unique way of accounting
 * < Political ||< -Not Bureaucratic government
 * < Religion ||< - Used human sacrifice
 * < Intellecutal ||< - They had an advanced religious system

||< -Had a writing system: Quipus - System of knotted cords - Used mainly to record populations - Little adcance in technology -However, did have the technology to shape the landscape for their cities -Little “enlightenment” thinking -Considered barbarians to the Europeans ||< - The first illustrated surgical atlas and the last major medical book of the Islamic world. - Top scholars - Focused on religion ||< - Considerable amount of debate and new thinking in China -Wang Yangmin (1472–1529): anyone can achieve a virtuous life without Confucian education -Chinese Buddhists also tried to make religion more accessible to commoners, withdrawal from the world not necessary for enlightenment. -Individuals could seek salvation without help from priests. - // kaozheng // (“research based on  evidence”) was a new direction in  Chinese elite culture -Emphasized need for analysis, instead of unsupported speculation -Led to new works on agriculture, medicine, etc. -Critical analysis of ancient historical documents -Scientific approach to knowledge ||< -Like the rest of Europe, Renaissance and Enlightenment thinking -Focus more on the now and not just on getting to the afterlife - Questioned religious claims with scientific reasoning ||< - Focused on expanding spanish territory - Educated people understood the earth was a sphere - New farming advancements allowed a populatiom increase - Urban population and commerical intrests grew - Scientific Recolution - Enlightenment - Age of Exploration ||< <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Age of enlightenment <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Peter the great founded <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Russian Academy of Sciences <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Saint Petersburg State University <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Mikhail Lomonosov established the Moscow State University, <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - paved the way for a strong native tradition in learning and innovation   ||< - Like the rest of Europe, Renaissance and Enlightenment thinking - Focus more on the now and not just on getting to the afterlife - Questioned religious claims with scientific reasoning ||< - Like the rest of Europe, Renaissance and Enlightenment thinking a. Focus more on the now and not just on getting to the afterlife b. Questioned religious claims with scientific reasoning ||< -Although Japan was issolated from the rest of the world, outsiders were allowed to come and share new ideas - Liberies were builty - Interactions were encouraged ||< <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Thought similar to enlightenment thought <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Although they didn’t question religion <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - This thought led through breakthroughs in: <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 171pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 1. Medicine <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 171pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 2. Health care <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 171pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 3. Technology  ||<   || -Dikes -Causeways -Bridges -Roads -Large temples that were very tall -Advanced buildings ||< -Mostly stone and bronze tools -Elaborate cities carved into mountain sides -Weaponry was mostly bronze -No guns -Bow and arrow, simple swords, simple spears. -No domestic animals, such as horses, to aid in battle. -Terrace farming ||< - Taqi al-Din engineer invented mechanical astronomical clock - Large military cannons - Early telescope ||< -Used Steel Weapons -Stronger and better swords -Primitive guns -Gunpowder -Cannons -Naval Technology -Better Navigating instruments -Better maps -Better sails used for longer expeditions -Outfitted ships with steel and best weaponry -Size of these ships dwarfed Europe’s ||< -Steel weapons -Swords -Guns -Cannons -Extremely maneuverable ships - Aided in piracy - Equipped with advanced cannons -Small but quick -Equipped with excellent navigation tools ||< - Advance naval ships - Steel weapons - Building techniques - Detailed maps ||< - Building techniques - Cannons - Telescope ||< - Steel weapons -Swords - Guns - Cannons ||< - Steel weapons a. Swords b. Guns c. Cannons - Horses - Advanced ships ||< -Decorative swords - Paper making - Booking making - Medications ||< <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Highly advanced steel weapons <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Highly advanced ships <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Advanced architecture <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Advanced navigation <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Hospitals <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Universities ||<  || -Professional merchants who took on trading expeditions -Gold, copper,lead,silver, brass and tin -Precious stones -Silver -Brass -Tin -Shells -Feathers -Cotton clothing -Jewels -Building materials
 * < Technology ||< -Canals
 * < Economy ||< -Pocheta

-Paper -The Aztecs had a commercialized economy -Large and elaborate markets were in the towns ||< -Wealthy because of the abundance of precious metals -Lots of gold and silver - Didn’t trade very much with other American tribes ||< - Relied on trade with India, China and their American Colonies - Main trade was furs ||< -China’s economy was huge and had a growing demand for silver. -1570s: the Chinese government consolidated taxes into a single tax to be paid in silver -value of silver skyrocketed -foreigners with silver could purchase more Chinese products than before -Silver further commercialized China’s economy. -people needed to sell something to obtain silver to pay their taxes -economy became more regionally specialized ||< -Didn’t have goods to qualify for effective competition in Indian Ocean commerce. -Took to Piracy. -Portuguese ships were more maneuverable, carried cannons. -Established fortified bases at key locations (Mombasa, Hormuz, Goa, Malacca, and Macao). -All but Macao taken by force. -Created a trading post empire. -Goal was to control commerce, not territories or populations -Operated by force of arms, not economic competition -At height, controlled about half of the spice trade to Europe -Slave Trade -Portuguese found an alternative slave source in West Africa - Africans became the primary source of slave labor for the Americas -Were immune to European diseases. -Slavs weren’t available -Africans were farmers, were not Christian, and were readily available ||< - Colombian Exchange - New foods - Animanls - Resources - Horses - Pigs - Pepers - Sugar cane - Squuash - Beans - Corn - Silver ||< - Was a linking trade route between Asia and Europe -During tthe "Little Ice Age" Russian furs were the main source of trade ||< - Very wealthy - Mercantilism -Colonies in the Americas - Colonies exported raw materials to France very cheap - France manufactured goods from raw materials, marked up price, made huge profit ||< - Very wealthy - Mercantilism a. Colonies in the Americas b. Colonies exported raw materials to France very cheap c. France manufactured goods from raw materials, marked up price, made huge profit ||< -Even though the boarders were closed they still traded with the Dutch, Chinese and Korea - The only open port was Nagaski - Concentrated on internal wealth but had inflation - Took part in the silver trade ||< - <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Very wealthy <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Made great fortune being middle man between China and Europe <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Main point in Oceanic Trade routes   ||<   ||

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<span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -3em;">Armstrong, Monty, David Daniel, Abby Kanarek, and Alexandra Freer. // Cracking the AP World History Exam 2011 Edition //. New York: Random House, 2010. Print.Strayer, Robert W. // Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources //. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2011. Print.