5B.+New+Patterns+of+Nationalism

Describe the impact that the rise and fall of communism had on the world. Compare the Russian and Chinese revolutions, and explain how the outcomes of the World Wars led to the weakening of direct imperial influence in specific independent movements.
 * New Patterns of Nationalism**

I. Global impact of Communism a. Rise of communism b. Impact of the rise c. Fall of communism d. Impact of the fall II. Comparison of Russian and Chinese Revolutions a. Russia  i. Significant dates  ii. Cause  iii. Overthrow  iv. New government  v. Revolts b. China  i. Significant dates  ii. Collapse of imperial system  iii. Chinese Communist Party <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> iv. Invasion <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> v. End result <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">III. Weakening of direct imperial influence due to war <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. WWI <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Post WWI <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">IV. Conclusion <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Interaction between humans and the environment <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Development and interaction of cultures <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. State-building, expansion and conflict <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">e. Development and transformation of social structure
 * Outline**

**Impact of the Rise and Fall of Communism**

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">The Rise of Communism

· Modern communism stems from the nineteenth century European socialism <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Inspired by Karl Marx and the Industrial Revolution <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o People liked the idea of communism <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Appealed to the workers <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Views on social equality and collective living · Those who defined themselves as communists advocated uncompromising revolution · Russia was the first country to have a communist revolution <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Became the leaders of the communist movement · China “falls” to communism · By the 1970’s almost one-third of the world’s population lived under communist governments · Soviet Union and China were two of the most significant communist countries <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Treaty of friendship between the two in 1950 <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Western nations viewed this as a move to destroy the west · Communism really began to take hold after the world wars · Communism rose to be a huge force in the 20th century · In the wake of the wars and revolution communism began to take hold · Communist regimes revolutionized their societies <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Often said they were “ building socialism”

Impact of the Rise of Communism

· Global conflict · Communism posed a very large threat to the western world <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Politically <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Militarily · Threatened the idea of capitalism and democracy <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Had many western governments concerned · After WW11 ended allies became enemies <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o The cold war <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Clash between political ideologies <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Creation of military alliances <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Cuban Missile crisis <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Arms race <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Mass creation of nuclear weapons · Created a global rivalry between the United States, Great Britain and Soviet Union · Creation of the NATO alliance <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Made up of Western capitalist nations · Warsaw pact <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Brought soviet union and Eastern European communists states together <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Military alliance <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Counteract the threat of NATO · Many Westerns were afraid of the domino effect- If one nation falls to communism all of the nations around it will as well · United States emerged as a super power · U.S Spearheaded the movement to contain communism · Global alliances and military bases sought to create a barrier against further communist expansion <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Could also act as a launch pad for military action if necessary. · The United States had soldiers all over the world in an effort to contain Communism · Throughout the 1950’s there was an intense anticommunism attitude in the U.S (McCarthyism/ Red Scare) · This fear strengthen the Military Industrial Complex <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Large amounts of weapons were being produced <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Sustaining the military production allowed the U.S economy to flourish · American pop culture was seen all over the world <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Many American ideas on different topics were beginning to be seen throughout the world <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Some say that this was the effect of Imperialism

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Fall of Communism

· Communism fell much faster than it began · It fell more peacefully than it began · Communism fell during the last two decades of the 20th century · China fell away from communism after the death of its leader, Mao Zedong in 1976 <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Government began to gradually abandon all things associated with Maoist communism · 1889 Considered the “miracle year” <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Popular movements overthrew despised communist governments <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Many communist governments fell one after another · 1991Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union took power <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Wanted to revive and save soviet socialism <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § The programs he put in power made the countries problems even worse <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Led to political disintegration of Soviet Union on Christmas Day of 1991

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Impact of the Fall of Communism

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · China underwent political and economic reforms <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Leaders criticized Mao for mistakes made during the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Private ownership and decision making was encouraged <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Most rapid and sustained growth in history <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Created prosperity for millions <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o China rejoined the world economy <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Largely abandoned communist economic policy, however did not relinquish political monopoly <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Heavy resistance to Gorbachev’s economic policies to reform the Soviet Union forced him to seek allies outside of official circles <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Gorbachev said they needed glasnost (openness)- create more freedoms within soviet life <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Policy of glasnost had a negative effect on the Soviet Union <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Prostitution, crime, child abuse, suicide, corruption etc. Peaked <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Soviet Union opened up to all the things that they had been cut off from <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Democratization of Soviet Union <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o New parliament with real powers chosen by election <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o New parliament session were broadcasted <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Embraced dramatic cultural and political changes <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Freedoms granted by Gorbachev weakened the Soviet Union <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Economy began to collapse <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Few soviet farmers had made the jump to private farming <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o New freedoms provoked demands from the people <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Some sought a full multi-party democracy <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Large amount of protestors, they were not crushed by force as in China <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Soviet Union fell in a brief and unsuccessful attempt to restore all order <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § 15 new and independent states emerged <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · The communist party was banned for a time in the place of its origin <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § The world’s largest state completely vanished <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § The first communist party disintegrated <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § A command economy broke down <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § 45 year struggle between East and West was ended <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Simmering ethnic tensions in some areas began to explode in to conflict <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia fragmented <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Many minorities in areas found themselves in opposition to the states in which they lived <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o The communist world had shrunk considerably <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o International tension born of communism remained only in East Asia and the Caribbean

**Comparison of Russian and Chinese Revolutions**





· Catalyst <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Suffered large-scale losses in WWI <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o People lacked control <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Contrast in wellbeing of common people and elites · Overthrow <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Czar Nicholas II forced to abdicate throne (February 1917) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § End of Romanov dynasty, which lasted over three centuries <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Social Upheaval <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Soldiers deserted, new trade unions arose, factories were seized by workers <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Soviets emerged <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Spoke for the people · New Government <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Provisional Government established <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Ineffective <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Shared power with local councils and soviets <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Affirmed natural rights <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Wanted to continue war with Germany <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Rallied behind Bolsheviks (by 1918), one of radical groups formed to take out Provisional Gov. <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Socialist party <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Vladimir Lenin (Marxist leader) mobilized the common people <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Took command of government quickly (October 1917) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Nationalism created by Lenin <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Signed Treaty of Brest-Litivsk (March 18) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Ceded par t of Western Russia to withdraw from war · Counterrevolutionary revolts <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o 1918-1921 <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Led to full civil war <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Changes made <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Harshly regimented economy <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Seized grain from peasants <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Integrated men into Red Army (helped to defeat counterrevolutionaries) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Led by Leon Trotsky <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Authoritarian tendencies adopted <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Results <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Deepened distrust between Marxist state and West <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Bolsheviks had a powerful army at their disposal



· Imperial system collapsed (1911) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Due to pressure from imperialism, internal opposition and inadequacies · Chinese Communist Party (CCP; founded 1921) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Aimed efforts at organizing the (small) urban working class initially <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Later looked to peasant villages <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Slow rise to power over years <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Guerrilla warfare <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Land reform <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Female empowerment <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Communist military force <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Found leader, Mao Zedong <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Opposed Guomindang (party in power at the time) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Nationalist Party <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Governed after 1928 <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Promoted modern development <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Mainly urban and elite support · Japan invades China <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Destroyed Guomindang control and forced it to retreat <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Gave CCP opening to power <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Membership and People’s Liberation Army grew <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Fought Japan and further increased the wellbeing of peasants · Communist state by 1949 with end of war and overthrow of Guomindang


 * Imperial Influence in Colonies Weakened by World Wars**



World War I <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Two countries relied on American credit <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § France <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Loaned a large sum of money to Russia <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · The new Bolshevik, Communist gov’t did not pay czar’s debts <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Germany also owed France money <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Germany After World War II
 * European countries imperial influence in Africa and Asia
 * Thousands of troops and advocates of the war effort came from Africa, India, China, and Southeast Asia
 * Britain specifically promised India self-rule in return for their support
 * Colonies expected some type of compensation for their participation in war
 * Loss respect of their rulers from the blood shed
 * Gained military skills, political efficacy
 * Expected better treatment from gov’t
 * Extremely expensive
 * Massive scale = massive spending: countries spent more than $180 billion dollars on military weaponry, boats, and trench warfare
 * Europe, alone, spent an extra $150 on rebuilding
 * Financing Recovery
 * World’s financial headquarters transferred from London to New York
 * Americans loaned a large amount of money to Europe
 * Treaty of Versailles (1919)
 * Officially ended World War I
 * Forced Germany to pay large war reparations to several countries
 * Depended on American credit to pay debt
 * October 1929
 * United States’ stock market crashed
 * Caused Great Depression
 * Germany could not afford reparations
 * France had no money
 * Far more destructive then first world war
 * Europe was impoverished
 * Industrial infrastructure disintegrated
 * Great cities in ruins
 * Millions of people homeless
 * Lost global prominence
 * Western Europe under the United States’ wing
 * Soviet Union controlled Eastern Europe
 * Lost the power to govern colonies
 * Europe’s weakness- led to nationalists and anti-colonial movements everywhere
 * INC and Mohandas Gandhi led India to freedom
 * Algerians from French control
 * Mandela in South Africa

**With the large amount of expenses paid during the world, an amount that surpassed any war previously, European countries could not afford to rebuild their ruined cities, and their economies, let alone their colonies. Europeans focused their efforts domestically, hitting their colonies within Africa and India hard economically. The Great Depression and the World Wars challenged the effectiveness of capitalistic governments and ridiculed and questioned the enlightenment ideas (and how they contradicted with the rule in the colonies). Additionally, as the people of Africa, India, and Southeast Asia contributed to the war effort and fought for their respective governments, they expected some reward in return, like greater political freedom. As a result, European countries began to lose their control of their colonies as the colonies began the road to independence with their nationalist movements.**

Conclusion: Major Historical Themes in Russia and China**

1. Interaction between humans and the environment China and Russia were both pushing for industrialization. Originally, the regions were mostly rural, due to its primitive, backwards state at the time. With Industrialization, there’s more need and usage of natural resources when machines can increase output in production. It’s not just about the humans harnessing the environment, now with the push for industrialization it’s taking and consuming almost all natural resources. The land is even transforming from rural to more urban and the Chinese and Russians did that.

2. Development and interaction of cultures China: During China’s transformation towards a communistic nation, there was a push for cultural upkeep. China’s culture, throughout history, has always been relevant and stable for its national identity. While many changes were happening with industrialization and change in government, leaders of china wanted to unify the people and encircle them with nationalism. A campaign named the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution introduced new policies such as health care and education availability. Although new policies were introduced, it still stressed with importance in the upkeep in China’s culture. Russia: Russia was trying to integrate selflessness and collectivism into its culture. Russia, and as well as China, tried to improve the literacy rate. Russia’s culture was revolving the motivation for modernization.

3. State-building, expansion and conflict After the world wars, the nations that were previously viewed very powerful and superior lost power and credibility along with status as a world power. Do to the weakening of imperial influences, expansion ceased for world powers and independent movements in Africa and Asia emerged. Regions that were previously colonies were now able to express their own national character.

4. Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems China and Russia were trying to modernize and industrialize their backward societies. Leaders of these communist countries tried to change its former economic system to be completely socialist. Any trace of capitalism was being changed to socialist. These countries tried to embody Marxist ideology which aimed to put everyone on equal standing. Russia and China’s efforts for industrialization improved economic growth helping production to increase and for poverty to decrease. This is the first time where the government has had so much involvement in a region’s economic system, nearly being completely in charge of it. Although Russia and China experienced tremendous economic growth, after a certain point their economic system lacked capacity to keep growing like the capitalist economies did. There, innovation and competition is constantly happening.

5. Development and transformation of social structure The communist countries of Russia and China were making efforts at liberating and mobilizing women. Communist feminism in these places was being initiated from those with power. Russia issued a series of laws and decrees that allowed full legal and political equality for women. Marriage became a civil procedure among freely consenting adults. Divorce was legalized and made easier, abortion was legalized, women no longer had to take their husbands’ surnames, pregnancy leave for employed women were mandated, and women were actively participating in the country’s drive for industrialization. China also set similar policies for women. The women were allowed to choice of marriage, divorce, and equal property rights. These countries are examples of where true equality and liberty of women can be seen. Movements for women's rights in the west started with the people, whereas in these communistic countries, mobilization for women was initiated from those on top. Communist countries pioneered forms of women’s liberation and only later were adopted in the west.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;"><span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;">Works Cited <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -3em;">Armstrong, Monty, David Daniel, Abby Kanarek, and Alexandra Freer. // Cracking the AP World History Exam 2011 Edition //. New York: Random House, 2010. Print.Strayer, Robert W. // Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources //. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2011. Print.