5A.++War+and+Peace+in+a+global+context

A. War and Peace in a global context: Analyze the impact WWI had on Europe and the U.S. including the women's movement & the Great Depression, compare origins of WWII in Asia to Europe, & compare the two world wars, including causes, uses of new tech, impact on the economy, loss of human life & political outcome.

Women's Rights:
General movement towards more rights and equality throughout WWI.

1919- 19th amendment gave women the right to vote in the United States.

During WWI, women's roles in the work place changed ( factories, offices..) to provide an income. As men left jobs to fight overseas, they were replaced by women. Women filled many jobs brought into existence by wartime needs.  Nearly 200,000 women were employed in government departments. Half a million became clerical workers in private offices. Women worked as conductors on trams and buses. A quarter of a million worked on the land. The greatest increase of women workers was in engineering. Over 700,000 of these women worked in the highly dangerous munitions industry. Industries that had previously excluded women now welcomed them. There was a particular demand for women to do heavy work such as unloading coal, stoking furnaces and building ships.

All over the world women started to become more highly educated so that they can get jobs to compete with those of men.

the Great Depression:
Causes: 1) The stock market crash of 1929, (Black Tuesday, Oct. 29 1929) 2) Bank failures, throughout the 1930s over 9,000 banks failed. Bank deposits were uninsured and thus as banks failed people simply lost their savings.

3) Reduction in purchasing, this then led to a reduction in the number of items produced and a reduction in the workforce. As people lost their jobs, they were unable to keep paying for items. 4) American Economic Policy with Europe. As businesses began failing, the government created the Smoot-Hawley Tariff in 1930 to help protect American companies. This charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries. 5) Drought conditions. Although minor compared to the other contributing factors, the drought that occurred in the Mississippi Valley in 1930 was so bad that many people couldn't even pay their taxes or other debts and had to sell their farms for no profit to themselves.

Timeline:

 * 1929-** The Stock Market crashed, Black Thursday.
 * 1930-** Bank of the United States goes bankrupt
 * 1931-** Unemployed people march on the nation's capital. Food riots break out.
 * 1932-** FDR accepts the Democratic nomination. At the Ford Motor company at Dearborn, Michigan, workers get violent during a strike.
 * 1933-**FDR signs the Emergency Banking Bill, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the Homeowners Refinancing Act, and the National Industrial Recovery Act.
 * 1935-** Social Security Act is signed
 * 1936-** FDR is re-elected.
 * 1937-** Strikers sit down in car factories in Detroit. In Chicago, police attack strikers at Republic Steel Corporation.
 * 1938-** FDR asked Congress for an additional $3.75 billion to stimulate the economy
 * 1940-** FDR get elected for his third term
 * 1941-** Preparations for World War II stimulated the American economy and effectively bring an end to the Great Depression

**Comparing origins of WWII in Asia and Europe:**
__Europe Conditions __ The Treaty of Versailles- When Germany lost WWI they had to sign the Treaty of Versailles. This forced Germany to hand over sections of land to the winners of WWI, and they also had to pay back war debts. So the German people were running out of options.

Economically- During the great stock market crash of 1929, there was over speculation on the stock market so people were buying stock with loans. Eventually there was a reduced demand for American products, which caused the German economy to crash and their unemployment rate went through the roof.

Politically- During the time that Germany was becoming desperate, Benito Mussolini came to power for Italy and started fascism. The German people put their faith in Adolf Hitler in 1933, because he promised to make Germany a superpower again, and he promised to raise the unemployment rate and bring back the German economy. __Asia Conditions __ Economically- The people in Southeast Asia also felt the sting of the stock market crash when their export of rubber was crushed. Along with this, in 1923 Japan had the Great Kanto Earthquake which just made their situation worse. These desperate times caused the emergence of Tojo in Japan.

Politically- The Japanese people were fighting with the Chinese, and after bein g criticized by the League of Nations Japan withdrew from the league. Before that the US Congress passed the Exclusion Act, which prohibited immigration from Japan. In 1940 Japan invaded Vietnam, so the United States and Great Britain reacted with an oil boycott. Japan also joined forces with Germany and Italy. The people of Japan felt that they had no choice but to capture the oil rich Dutch East Indies and basically started a war with the allied powers of the United States and Great Britain.

**Comparing WWI and WWII; causes and the uses of new technology:**
=I - CAUSES //of// WWI= The initial start of World War I is generally defined as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. His assassination led to a declaration of war, which brought the world into conflict. There was a strong alliance system that existed within Europe. The alliances included military obligations, where one country being attacked would mean the involvement of another. The outcome was a web of alliances that, in one way or another, linked every nation in Europe together. Here is a flow chart showing the chain of involvements on each side: There are several other reasons beyond simple alliances for the globalized effort during World War I. Imperialism was a popular theme in many superpowers who wanted to expand their borders, and the military conflict during World War I was a good reason to do so. Also, with a poorly developed media, propaganda was rampant at this time. Extreme nationalism forwarded many nations towards the decisions they made. II - SIMILAR TECHNOLOGY III - NEW TECHNOLOGY

**Comparing WWI and WWII; economic impacts, loss of life, and political outcomes:**
**Economic Impacts of World War I**:

o Automobiles o Airplanes o Radios o Chemicals
 * Economy was boosted all around the world.
 * Eight hour workday established in the United States.
 * Germany experienced a huge amount of inflation after the war.
 * Mass production became the way to go.
 * Quantity and quality.
 * Best products to me making during the war:
 * Europe had lent so much money for support during the war, that they were $10 billion in debt.
 * Middle class in Europe was hit hard by this rising debt.



**Economic Impacts of World War II**:
 * Economy was helped throughout the world during the war, as munitions were needed.
 * Europe was destroyed by the war and the land was torn up.
 * The cleanup effort took longer than expected and cost much than imagined.
 * This put the European economy in ruins during the postwar years.
 * This devastation led to inflation.
 * The United States was able to push through the Great Depression because of World War II.
 * Industries supplied the war effort that did not usually make war products, like Ford.
 * America was almost untouched by World War II, so there was no cleanup effort.
 * This lack of clean up allowed the economy to stay on the upturn during the postwar years.



**Comparison of Economic Impacts of World War I and II**:
 * World War I allowed for mass production to be used while World War II continued on with the processes that were set up by World War I.
 * Industries that could get involved in any way during the war effort benefited greatly during both wars.
 * T he United States was almost untouched during the wars.
 * Europe was devastated by fighting and the expensive cleanup/restoration.
 * Inflation in Europe was a part of both wars.

**Loss of Life in World War I**:
 * Total death total of 16 million people.
 * British Imperial Forces=1,225,914
 * France=1,697,800
 * Italy=1,240,000
 * Romania=680,000
 * Russian Empire=3,311,000
 * Serbia=725,000
 * The United States=117,465
 * Austria-Hungary=1,567,000
 * Bulgaria=187,500
 * Germany=2,476,897
 * Ottoman Empire=2,921,844

**Loss of Life in World War II**: o China=10,000,000 to 20,000,000 o Dutch East India=3,000,000 to 4,000,000 o France=567,600 o French Indonesia=1,000,000 to 1,500,000 o Germany=6,777,000 to 8,863,000 o Hungary=580,000 o India=1,587,000 to 2,587,000 o Italy=457,000 o Japan=2,620,000 to 3,120,000 o Philippines=557,000 to 1,057,000 o Poland=5,620,000 to 5,820,000 o Romania=833,000 o Soviet Union=23,954,000 o United Kingdom=450,700 o United States=418,500 o Yugoslavia=1,027,000
 * Total death total of somewhere from 50 to 70 million people.

**Comparison of Loss of Life in World War I and II**:
 * World War I had less people involved in it and, in effect, less death.
 * Much more death in World War II.
 * More countries involved in World War II.
 * Countries that were involved in both wars mostly had larger amounts of death during World War II.

**Political Outcomes of World War I**:
 * Treaty of Versailles made Germany pay all of the reparations with money they did not have.
 * Germany lost all of the land that is in, what is now called, Poland.
 * Countries were limited in how many troops they could have and the number of ships/other wartime weapons.
 * Austria-Hungary was split up into Austria and Hungary.
 * Russia underwent a revolution.
 * League of Nations was created.



**Political Outcomes of World War II**:
 * Created tension with the United States and Soviet Union because of the division of Germany.
 * Resulted in the Cold War.
 * Set limits on nuclear weapons.
 * United Nations was created.
 * Oil was heavily involved in politics for the first time.
 * Created Israel.

**Comparison of Political Outcomes in World War I and II**:
 * Both wars created associations for nations to join to preserve peace, but only the United Nations has succeeded.
 * Tension was created by the ending of both wars.
 * World War I split nations up while World War II created new nations.
 * Limits were put on weapons at the end of both wars.